Japan has become only the fifth nation to achieve a soft Moon landing, but the craft's long-term fate is in doubt after space agency officials said its solar cells are not generating power.
With the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM), Japan followed the United States, the Soviet Union, China and India in landing on the lunar surface.
After initial uncertainty, space agency JAXA confirmed that the SLIM touched down on the Moon at 12.20am (3.20pm Irish time) and that "communication has been established".
JAXA official Hitoshi Kuninaka said that without the solar cells functioning, the craft will only have power for "several hours".
But he suggested that it was possible that once the angle of the sun changed, they may work again.
"It is unlikely that the solar battery has failed. It's possible that it is not facing in the originally planned direction," Mr Kuninaka told a news conference.
"If the descent was not successful, it would have crashed at a very high speed. If that were the case, all functionality of the probe would be lost. But data is being sent to Earth," he said.
He added that for now, the focus was on using what power remained to send back to mission control all data that had been acquired during the landing.
This would include helping to determine whether the craft, dubbed the "Moon Sniper" for its precision, achieved the aim of landing within 100m of its intended landing spot.
Two probes however detached successfully, JAXA said, one with a transmitter and another designed to trundle around the lunar surface beaming images back to Earth.
This shape-shifting mini-rover, slightly bigger than a tennis ball and inspired by how a turtle moves on a beach, was co-developed by the firm behind Transformer toys.
Japan's mission is one of a string of new projects launched in recent years on the back of renewed interest in Earth's natural satellite.
Success would restore high-tech Japan's reputation in space after two failed lunar missions and recent rocket failures, including explosions after take-off.
It would also echo the triumph of India's low-cost space programme in August, when it became the first to land an uncrewed craft near the Moon's largely unexplored south pole.
SLIM was meant to try to reach a crater where the Moon's mantle, the usually deep inner layer beneath its crust, is believed to be accessible.
"The rocks exposed here are crucial in the search for the origins of the Moon and the Earth," Tomokatsu Morota, associate professor at the University of Tokyo specialising in lunar and planetary exploration, said before the landing.
This includes shedding light on the mystery of the Moon's possible water resources, which will also be key to building bases there one day as possible stopovers on the way to Mars.
"The possibility of lunar commercialisation depends on whether there is water at the poles," Mr Morota said.
More than 50 years after the first human Moon landing, many countries and private companies are attempting to make the trip anew.
But crash-landings, communication failures and other technical problems are rife.
This month, US private firm Astrobotic's Peregrine lunar lander began leaking fuel after takeoff, dooming its mission.
Yesterday, contact with the spaceship was lost over a remote area of the South Pacific after it likely burned up in the Earth's atmosphere on its return.
NASA has also postponed plans for crewed lunar missions under its Artemis programme.
Russia, China and other countries from South Korea to the United Arab Emirates are also trying their luck.
Previous Japanese lunar missions have failed twice, one public and one private.
In 2022, the country unsuccessfully sent a lunar probe named Omotenashi as part of the United States' Artemis 1 mission.
In April, Japanese startup ispace tried in vain to become the first private company to land on the Moon, losing communication with its craft after what it described as a "hard landing".
Japan is increasingly looking to play a bigger role in space, partnering with ally the US to counter China.
Japan is also home to several private-sector space start-ups and the JAXA aims to send an astronaut to the moon as part of NASA's Artemis program in the next few years.
But the Japanese space agency has recently faced multiple setbacks in rocket development, including the launch failure last March of its new flagship rocket H3 that was meant to match cost-competitiveness against commercial rocket providers like SpaceX.
The failure caused widespread delays in Japan's space missions, including SLIM and a joint lunar exploration with India, which in August made a historic touchdown on the moon's south pole with its Chandrayaan-3 probe.
JAXA has twice landed on small asteroids, but unlike with an asteroid landing, the moon's gravity means the lander cannot pull up for another try, its scientists said.
Three lunar missions by Japanese start-up ispace, Russia's space agency and American company Astrobotic have failed in the past year.
No private company has achieved a soft landing on the moon's surface.
SLIM's successful touchdown and demonstration of the precision landing "will help Japan to keep its technology advanced at a very high level in the world," Ritsumeikan University professor Kazuto Saiki said before the touchdown attempt.
Prof Saiki developed SLIM's near-infrared camera that will analyse moon rocks after the touchdown.
The 2.4 metre by 1.7 metre by 2.7 metre vehicle includes two main engines with 12 thrusters, surrounded by solar cells, antennas, radar and cameras.
Keeping it lightweight was another objective of the project, as Japan aims to carry out more frequent missions in the future by reducing launch costs.
SLIM weighs 700 kilograms at launch, less than half of India's Chandrayaan-3.
As the probe descends onto the surface, it recognises where it is flying by matching its camera's images with existing satellite photos of the moon.
This "vision-based navigation" enables a precise touchdown, JAXA said.
Shock absorbers make contact with the lunar surface in what JAXA called new "two-step landing" method, the rear parts touch the ground first, then the entire body gently collapses forward and stabilises.
The precision landing "won't be a game changer", but the cost-reduction effects of it and the lightweight probe manufacturing might open up moonshots to space organisations worldwide, said Bleddyn Bowen, a University of Leicester associate professor specialising in space policy.
"Not as big as the United States or the Soviet Union of old or China today in terms of scale, but in terms of capability and niche advanced technologies, Japan has always been there," he said.
On landing, SLIM was due to deploy two mini-probes, a hopping vehicle as big as a microwave oven and a baseball-sized wheeled rover, that will take pictures of the spacecraft.
Techgiant Sony Group, toymaker Tomy and several Japanese universities jointly developed the robots.
