SpaceX's prototype Starship has exploded over the Indian Ocean, capping another bumpy test flight for the rocket central to Elon Musk's dream of colonising Mars.
The biggest and most powerful launch vehicle ever built lifted off around 6.36pm (12.26am Irish time) from the company's Starbase facility, near a southern Texas town that earlier this month voted to become a city - also named Starbase.
Excitement ran high among SpaceX engineers and spectators after the last two outings ended with the upper stage disintegrating over the Caribbean.
But signs of trouble emerged quickly: the first-stage Super Heavy booster blew up instead of executing its planned splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico.
A live feed then showed the upper-stage spaceship failing to open its doors to deploy a payload of Starlink satellite "simulators".
The ship flew farther than on its two previous attempts, but it had leaks and began spinning out of control as it coasted through space.
Mission teams vented fuel to reduce the force of the expected explosion and onboard cameras cut out roughly 45 minutes into what was meant to be a 66-minute flight - falling short of its target splashdown zone off Australia's west coast.
"Starship experienced a rapid unscheduled disassembly," SpaceX posted on X.
"With a test like this, success comes from what we learn, and today's test will help us improve Starship’s reliability as SpaceX seeks to make life multiplanetary," it added.
Watch: SpaceX Starship launches from Texas, later exploding before touchdown
Meanwhile Mr Musk vowed to pick up the pace.
"Launch cadence for the next three flights will be faster - approximately one every three to four weeks," he said.
However, he did not say whether he still planned to deliver a live stream about Mars that SpaceX had been promoting.
Standing 123m tall, the black and white rocket is designed to eventually be fully reusable and launch at low cost, carrying Mr Musk's hopes of making humanity a multiplanetary species.
NASA is also counting on a variant of Starship to serve as the crew lander for Artemis 3, the mission to return Americans to the Moon.
Ahead of the launch, dozens of space fans gathered at Isla Blanca Park on nearby South Padre Island, hoping to catch a glimpse of history.
Several small tourist boats also dotted the lagoon, while a live feed showed Mr Musk sitting at ground control in Starbase, wearing an "Occupy Mars" T-shirt.
Australian Piers Dawson, 50, said he is "obsessed" with the rocket and built his family holiday around the launch.
He said it was his first trip to the United States, with his wife and teenage son, whom he took out of school to be there.
"I know in science there's never a failure, you learn everything from every single test so that was still super exciting to see," said Joshua Wingate, a 33-year-old tech entrepreneur from Austin, after the launch.
Starship has now completed nine integrated test flights atop its Super Heavy booster.
SpaceX is betting that its "fail fast, learn fast" ethos, which helped it dominate commercial spaceflight, will once again pay off.
The company has caught the Super Heavy booster in the launch tower's robotic arms three times - a daring engineering feat it sees as key to rapid reusability and slashing costs.
This ninth flight marked the first time SpaceX reused a Super Heavy booster, but it opted not to attempt a catch.
Instead it pushed the envelope with a steeper descent angle and one engine intentionally disabled.
The FAA recently approved an increase in Starship launches from five to 25 annually, stating the expanded schedule would not harm the environment - a decision that overruled objections from conservation groups concerned about impacts on sea turtles and shorebirds.
