The European Parliament has given final approval to wide-ranging EU rules to govern artificial intelligence, including powerful systems like OpenAI's ChatGPT.
Senior European Union officials say the rules, first proposed in 2021, will protect citizens from the possible risks of a technology developing at breakneck speed, while also fostering innovation on the continent.
Brussels has sprinted to pass the new law since OpenAI's Microsoft-backed ChatGPT arrived on the scene in late 2022, unleashing a global AI race.
There was a burst of excitement for generative AI as ChatGPT wowed the world with its human-like capabilities - from digesting complex text to producing poems within seconds, or passing medical exams.
Further examples of generative AI models include DALL-E and Midjourney, which produce images, while other models produce sounds from a simple input in everyday language.
The far-reaching regulation passed with the support of 523 MEPs in the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, with 46 voting against.
The EU's 27 states are expected to endorse the text in April before the law is published in the EU's Official Journal in May or June.
"Today is again an historic day on our long path towards regulation of AI," said Brando Benifei, an Italian MEP who pushed the text through parliament with Romanian MEP Dragos Tudorache.
"(This is) the first regulation in the world that is putting a clear path towards a safe and human-centric development of AI," Mr Benifei added, speaking just before the vote.
The EU's internal market commissioner, Thierry Breton, hailed the vote.
"I welcome the overwhelming support from the European Parliament for the EU AI Act," he said. "Europe is now a global standard-setter in trustworthy AI."
What's included in the new EU law on AI
Rules covering AI models like ChatGPT will enter into force 12 months after the law becomes official, while companies must comply with most other provisions in two years.
The EU's rules known as the "AI Act" take a risk-based approach: the riskier the system, the tougher the requirements - with outright bans on the AI tools deemed to carry the most threat.
For example, high-risk AI providers must conduct risk assessments and ensure their products comply with the law before they are made available to the public.
Violations can see companies hit with fines ranging from €7.5 million to €35 million euros, depending on the type of infringement and the firm's size.
There are strict bans on using AI for predictive policing and systems that use biometric information to infer an individual's race, religion or sexual orientation.
The rules also ban real-time facial recognition in public spaces but with some exceptions for law enforcement, although police must seek approval from a judicial authority before any AI deployment.
Minister of State for Trade Promotion, Digital and Company Regulation, Dara Calleary welcomed the passing of the AI Act by the European Parliament.
"The legislation will ensure that the benefits and opportunities that this technology will bring in areas such as health and education will be developed in a responsible and ethical way and that the rights of citizens and workers will be protected," Mr Calleary said.
