Analysis: With no guarantee that US-Russia talks will lead to a resolution, this war is still likely to be decided on the battlefield
By Alexander Titov, Queen's University Belfast
As Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine reaches its third anniversary, the conflict has taken a dramatic and unexpected turn. The US is abruptly disengaging from its support of Ukraine, having previously promised that they would stand with Kyiv for "as long as it takes". Europe is in panic mode, while Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelensky, is having public spats with the freshly installed US president, Donald Trump. At this stage, it seems that Vladimir Putin is firmly on top.
But Trump is not the main cause of the current crisis, he merely reflects a more serious problem for Ukraine. When war broke out in the early hours of February 24th 2022, the world was shocked, but not entirely surprised. Warnings of Russia's attack on Ukraine had the advantage of preparing a united western front against Russia.
Western resolve strengthened as expectations of a quick Moscow victory faded and Ukraine's self-confidence grew. This mood was reflected in Josep Borrell's, the EU's high representative for foreign affairs, statement on April 9th that Russia must be defeated on the battlefield.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Morning Ireland, Roland Oliphant, Senior Foreign Correspondent for The Telegraph, discusses negotiations set to take place between Russia and the US to end the war in Ukraine
Two weeks earlier, US president Joe Biden declared that Putin "cannot stay in power". In September 2022, when the Ukrainian army recaptured a large part of the territory occupied by Russia in the Kharkiv region, Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, told the EU parliament that "Russia's industry is in tatters," and that Moscow was using dishwashing machine chips for its missiles. In an atmosphere of euphoria on October 4th, Zelensky issued an official ban on negotiations with Putin. There would be only one outcome to this war: Putin's defeat.
Indeed, Putin's original plan had failed. Russia was retreating in Kharkiv and abandoning its strategic foothold on the right bank of the Dnieper in Kherson. On September 21st, Putin had to declare a partial mobilisation, the first since the Second World War, because Russia's professional army was running out of men.
Fortunes of war
How things have changed. As the war approaches its three-year mark, the west's triumphalist mood is now a distant memory. Mark Rutte, secretary general of Nato, warned on January 13th that "what Russia now produces in three months, that's what the whole of NATO from Los Angeles to Ankara produces in a year". It's a far cry from von der Leyen's "Russian economy in tatters" jubilation of 2022.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Morning Ireland, Zelensky warns of Russia's war with NATO if US support pulled
In its dying days, the Biden administration rushed more weapons to Ukraine and imposed ever harsher sanctions on Moscow. This could not hide the fact that the US could not continue to fund Ukraine as it had for the first three years. Any US president would now struggle to get another Ukraine funding bill through Congress. And Trump is not just any US president: in his first month, he has changed his country's Ukraine policy in a characteristically dramatic and abrupt way.
But the underlying problem was always there: what to do with this war that Ukraine is not going to win and in which Russia is slowly getting the upper hand. It's been clear since the failure of Ukraine's much touted counteroffensive in summer 2023 that Ukraine can't win militarily. Continuing to supply Ukraine at current levels can only prolong the fight, not change the course of the war.
From Trump's perspective, this is a Biden war that has already been lost. Politically, it's much easier for Trump to seek peace than his European counterparts because he campaigned on an anti-war message, repeatedly blaming Biden for the war and saying it would never have happened if he were president. Trump wants to find a quick fix and move on. If it fails, he can wash his hands of it and let the Europeans deal with it.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's The Business, Timothy Ash from Chatham House discusses the shifting US-Russia relations and Marco Rubio's comments on investment opportunities with Russia
Europe clearly doesn't know what to do now: it can't accept defeat, but neither can it pretend that Ukraine can win the war without US support. It is a sign of their desperation that in "emergency meetings" called by the French president, Emmanuel Macron, they spend so much time discussing hypothetical and, frankly, highly unlikely scenarios for sending European troops into Ukraine.
After talks with the US in Saudi Arabia, Russia's foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov made clear the Russian position: "The troops of Nato countries [in Ukraine] under a foreign flag – an EU flag or any national flag ... is unacceptable." And the Europeans are simply not in a position to impose conditions on the Kremlin.
The best that the EU can do on the third anniversary of the invasion is to unveil yet another sanctions package: number 16. But now that the US has changed its mind about its war aims, there's no hiding the fact that Europe's war strategy is in tatters.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Morning Ireland, Thomas Byrne, Minister of State for European Affairs and Defence, discusses if Ireland could provide peacekeepers to Ukraine
The end point
Russia is under no pressure to rush into a deal it doesn't like. Moscow's terms are known: formal recognition that the four regions it annexed in September 2022 plus Crimea are now part of Russia, and withdrawal of the remaining Ukrainian troops from those regions. Kyiv must pledge permanent neutrality, limits on its armed forces. It must recognise and establish Russian language rights in Ukraine and ban far-right parties.
But these terms are completely unacceptable to Kyiv. And while there's no good way out for Ukraine, it's not yet in a desperate enough position to accept such a deal.
The only way to force it on Kyiv is either a complete military collapse by Ukraine's forces, which is not looking likely at the moment, or concerted pressure from a united west to accept Russia's unpalatable terms. But the west is divided on this issue, with the Europeans insisting that Ukraine should keep fighting until it can negotiate "from a position of strength".
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Morning Ireland, what happened during four-and-a-half hour meeting between American and Russian officials?
It's a heroic assumption that Ukraine will be in a stronger position by this time next year. After the peak of confidence in early 2023, when Zelensky declared that "2023 will be the year of our victory!" each subsequent anniversary of the invasion saw Kyiv's position weaker. But still, on current trends, it would take Russia until the end of the year to capture the rest of the eastern province of Donbas, without which an end to the war is unlikely anyway.
For these reasons, there is no guarantee that the US-Russian talks will lead to a resolution of the conflict. Unfortunately, this means that the bloodiest battles of the war are yet to come, as the Russian military pushes to maximise its military advantage.
In keeping with the wishes of Josep Borrell, the outcome of this war is still likely to be decided on the battlefield.
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Alexander Titov is a Lecturer in Modern European History at Queen's University Belfast. This article was originally published by The Conversation.
The views expressed here are those of the author and do not represent or reflect the views of RTÉ
