An internal Pentagon email outlines options for the United States to punish NATO allies it believes failed to support US operations in the war with Iran, including suspending Spain from the alliance and reviewing the US position on Britain's claim to the Falkland Islands, a US official told Reuters.
The policy options are detailed in a note expressing frustration at some allies' perceived reluctance or refusal to grant the United States access, basing and overflight rights - known as ABO - for the Iran war, said the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity.
The email stated that ABO is "just the absolute baseline for NATO," according to the official, who added that the options were circulating at high levels in the Pentagon.
One option in the email envisions suspending "difficult" countries from important or prestigious positions at NATO, the official said.
Asked whether it is possible to suspend a NATO ally, a NATO official said that "NATO's Founding Treaty does not foresee any provision for suspension of NATO membership".
US President Donald Trump has harshly criticised NATO allies for not sending their navies to help open the Strait of Hormuz, which was closed to global shipping following the start of the war on 28 February.
He has also declared he is considering withdrawing from the alliance.
"Wouldn't you if you were me?" Mr Trump asked Reuters in a 1 April interview, in response to a question about whether the US pulling out of NATO was a possibility.
But the email does not suggest that the United States do so, the official said. It also does not propose closing bases in Europe.
The official declined to say whether the options included a widely expected US drawdown of some forces from Europe, however.
NATO allies 'were not there for us' - Pentagon spokesperson
Asked for comment on the email, Pentagon Press Secretary Kingsley Wilson responded: "As President Trump has said, despite everything that the United States has done for our NATO allies, they were not there for us.
"The War Department will ensure that the President has credible options to ensure that our allies are no longer a paper tiger and instead do their part. We have no further comment on any internal deliberations to that effect," Mr Wilson said.
The US-Israeli war with Iran has raised serious questions about the future of the 76-year-old bloc and provoked unprecedented concern that the US might not come to the aid of European allies should they be attacked, analysts and diplomats say.
Britain, France and others say that joining the US naval blockade would amount to entering the war, but that they would be willing to help keep the strait open once there was a lasting ceasefire or the conflict ended.
But Trump administration officials have stressed that NATO cannot be a one-way street.
They have expressed frustration with Spain, which has also irked the US administration with its refusal to hike defence spending to 5% of GDP, adamant that it can meet its obligations with less. The US has two important military bases in Spain: Naval Station Rota and Morón Air Base.
The policy options outlined in the email would be intended to send a strong signal to NATO allies with the goal of "decreasing the sense of entitlement on the part of the Europeans", the official said, summarising the email.
The option to suspend Spain from the alliance would have a limited effect on US military operations but a significant symbolic impact, the email argues.
The official did not disclose how the US might pursue suspending Spain from the alliance.
NATO 'must remain united' - Meloni
Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has urged NATO allies to stick together.
"NATO must remain united. I believe it is a source of strength," Ms Meloni told reporters as she attended an EU summit in Nicosia, Cyprus.
Ms Meloni insisted that NATO would remain central to Europe's defence, but that European nations needed to play a bigger role in their own security.
"We must work to strengthen NATO's European pillar which must clearly complement the American one," she added.
Spain is 'loyal partner' to NATO, says PM Sanchez
"We do not work off emails. We work off official documents and government positions, in this case of the United States," Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez said when asked about the report.
Mr Sanchez added that Spain was a "loyal partner" to NATO.
A German government spokesperson said that Spain's NATO membership was not in question.
"Spain is a member of NATO. And I see no reason why that should change," the spokesperson said during a regular news conference in Berlin.
Even if legally unenforceable, a public threat to suspend Spain from defensive support would be "gravely damaging" to the alliance and further damage trust between Europe and the United States, said Sven Biscop, Professor in European defence policy at Belgium's Egmont Institute and Ghent University.
"Already, most European leaders are no longer confident the US would support them in every crisis ... What Trump is doing makes no sense for America's interests," Mr Biscop said.
The memo also includes an option to consider reassessing US diplomatic support for longstanding European "imperial possessions," such as the Falkland Islands near Argentina.
The US State Department's website states that the islands are administered by the United Kingdom but are still claimed by Argentina, whose libertarian President Javier Milei is a Trump ally.
Britain and Argentina fought a brief war in 1982 over the islands after Argentina made a failed bid to take them. Some 650 Argentine and 255 British service personnel died before Argentina surrendered.
Mr Trump has repeatedly insulted British Prime Minister Keir Starmer, calling him cowardly because of his unwillingness to join the US war with Iran, saying he was "not Winston Churchill" and describing Britain's aircraft carriers as "toys".
Britain initially did not grant a request from the US to allow its aircraft to attack Iran from two British bases, but later agreed to allow defensive missions aimed at protecting residents of the region, including British citizens, amid Iranian retaliation.
Addressing reporters at the Pentagon earlier this month, Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth said "a lot has been laid bare" by the war with Iran, noting that Iran's longer-range missiles cannot hit the United States but can reach Europe.
"We get questions, or roadblocks, or hesitations ... You don't have much of an alliance if you have countries that are not willing to stand with you when you need them," Mr Hegseth said.
