Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has said he had received no "unequivocal answer" from European allies about how they would defend Ukraine in the event Russia attacked again should a deal to end the war be reached.
European leaders and US envoys announced yesterday that they had agreed key security guarantees for Kyiv, including a US-led monitoring mechanism and a European multinational force that would be deployed if a ceasefire could be reached.
But when asked if he was sure that European allies would step in and defend his country in the event of another Russian invasion, Mr Zelensky said he had no "clear" answer on that.
"I personally very much want to get a very simple answer: yes, if there is aggression again, all partners will give a strong response to the Russians. And that's the exact question I put to all our partners. And so far I haven't received a clear, unequivocal answer," Mr Zelensky told reporters.
He said there was "political will" from Kyiv's allies to "give us strong security guarantees".
"But until we have such security guarantees - legal ones, backed by parliaments, backed by the United States Congress - we cannot answer this question."
US and Ukraine officials discuss security guarantees
US and Ukrainian officials are to continue talks over the proposed security guarantees for Ukraine.
Following the largest meeting yet of the 'Coalition of the Willing' in Paris, both European leaders and US envoys hailed progress that hid tensions in recent days over US foreign policy under President Donald Trump.
But the security guarantees for Ukraine would only come into force once a ceasefire is agreed to end the almost four-year war sparked by Russia's 2022 full-scale invasion.
Russian President Vladimir Putin's intentions remain unclear.
President Volodymyr Zelensky and Mr Trump's envoy Steve Witkoff said Ukrainian and US officials would continue talks today, with Mr Zelensky thanking the US "for its readiness to provide a backstop in all areas".
The "robust" guarantees would see the United States lead a truce monitoring mechanism with European participation, French President Emmanuel Macron said after yesterday's talks that gathered representatives of 35 countries, including 27 heads of state or government.
Mr Macron, Mr Zelensky and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer signed a declaration of intent that foresees Britain, France and other European allies deploying troops on Ukrainian territory after a ceasefire.
The allies also agreed to establish a US-Ukraine-Coalition coordination cell in Paris.
But a promise that the US would commit to "support" the European-led multinational force "in case of a new attack" by Russia, which was present in the draft statement, was not in the communique released yesterday evening.
Mr Macron said that Paris could deploy "several thousand" French troops to Ukraine after the war.
Mr Zelensky said the talks had "determined" which countries would take the lead on ensuring security and on reconstruction, as well as which forces were necessary and how they would be managed.
'Critical issue'
Mr Macron said after the meeting that the moves represented "robust security guarantees for a solid and lasting peace", hailing an "operational convergence" among allies, including the US.
The security guarantees are "the key to ensuring that a peace agreement can never mean a Ukrainian surrender and that a peace agreement can never mean a new threat to Ukraine" from Russia, President Macron said.
Against the background of tensions between Europe and the United States over Greenland and Venezuela, Mr Witkoff said "a lot of progress" had been made.
Allies have "largely finished" agreeing security guarantees "so that the people of Ukraine know that when this ends, it ends forever," he said, flanked by President Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner.
Mr Witkoff said that "land options" will be the most "critical issue" and "hopefully we will be able to come up with certain compromises with regard to that".
Mr Trump believes "this carnage has to stop", added Mr Witkoff.
"This does not mean that we will make peace, but peace would not be possible without the progress that was made here today," Mr Kushner added.
Mr Zelensky expressed satisfaction over the outcome.
"These are not just words. There is concrete content," he said.
Echoing Mr Witkoff's comments, Mr Zelensky added the most significant issue still to be resolved was "the territorial question", referring to Russian demands that Ukraine give up its eastern Donbas region.
Russia, which occupies around 20% of Ukraine, has also repeatedly opposed any NATO boots on the ground to monitor a halt in hostilities there.
'Hardens our resolve'
Mr Starmer said Britain and France would establish "military hubs" across Ukraine after a ceasefire and "build protected facilities for weapons and military equipment to support Ukraine's defensive needs".
"We can only get to a peace deal if Putin is ready to make compromises. And so we have to be frank, for all Russia's words, Putin is not showing he is ready for peace. Over the last few weeks, we've seen the opposite," he said.
"This only hardens our resolve," he added.
Top diplomats from the G7 nations "welcomed progress" on the guarantees during a phone call, a French foreign ministry spokesperson said.
There has been no recent let-up in fighting in what has been Europe's deadliest conflict since World War II.
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, whose nation has been wary of contributing troops to a multinational force, said German forces could join to monitor a ceasefire but would be based in a neighbouring country.
"We will certainly have to make compromises," he said, adding that "we will not achieve textbook diplomatic solutions".
The seizure by US forces of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, a Putin ally, as well as claims by Mr Trump that the self-governing Danish territory of Greenland should become part of the US, had unsettled some European countries ahead of the meeting.
Mr Macron told French TV: "I cannot imagine a scenario in which the United States of America would be placed in a position to violate Danish sovereignty."
