France paid an emotional tribute to 130 people killed 10 years ago when gunmen and suicide bombers from the so-called Islamic State group went on a rampage in cafes, restaurants and the Bataclan concert hall.
The attacks were the deadliest on French soil since World War II, scarring the national psyche and prompting emergency security measures, many of which are now embedded in law.
The assault on 13 November 2015, began with suicide bomb blasts that killed one person, bus driver Manuel Dias, outside the Stade de France sports stadium and continued with gunmen opening fire at five other locations in central Paris.
"Since that November 13, there is an emptiness that cannot be filled," Dias' daughter Sophie said at the ceremony, her voice trembling with tears as she recalled the family's endless phone calls through the night, trying to reach her father, before they were told he had been the attackers' first victim.
"May we raise awareness among younger generations, pass on the values of our republic, and remind them of all those innocent lives lost, like my dad, who left far too soon, for no reason at all," she said.
Then-President Francois Hollande and the German foreign minister were watching a friendly soccer international in the stadium when the attack began.
Starting at 11.30am, President Emmanuel Macron joined officials, survivors and relatives of victims paying tribute to those killed and wounded in the attacks.
In a post on X, he said the "pain remains".
"The pain remains. In solidarity, for the lives lost, the wounded, the families and loved ones, France remembers."
The memorial events begin at the Stade de France and moved on to the restaurants and cafés that were attacked, as well as the Bataclan.
Sebastian Lascoux was inside the Bataclan where the rock band Eagles of Death Metal were playing when what he thought was the noise from firecrackers pierced the concert hall.
It quickly became apparent that the venue was under attack.
People "ended up all squashed together and collapsed as one," he recalled. "And then (there was) the smell of blood," said Mr Lascoux, now aged 46. One of his friends was shot dead trying to shield another member of their party.
"He saved her life," added Mr Lascoux, who still suffers from post-traumatic stress and cannot be in crowded places or enclosed spaces, even cinemas. Loud pops remind him of gunshots.
Like some other survivors, he plans to attend the commemorations.
"What made the November 13 attacks unique was that everyone was a potential victim," historian Denis Peschanski said.
"Either they were old enough to be there, or, like me, they were old enough to have children who could have been there, even though I was lucky they weren't."
Catherine Bertrand, a survivor of the Bataclan attack, and vice-president of a victims' association, said: "We all agree that it has marked us forever. We are all deeply traumatised by that evening, and our thoughts of course turn to the victims and their loved ones."
She stressed that life must go on, though, saying: "There are concerts at the Bataclan, life goes on, we meet up between friends" at the places where the attacks took place.
Eva, who asked that her second name not be used, had her leg amputated below the knee after she was wounded when jihadists attacked a cafe called La Belle Equipe, killing 21 people.
She has since returned to the capital's many cafe terraces but said she will "never again" have her back to the street.
The names of those who were killed, as well as those of two people who took their own lives in the aftermath, have been inscribed on commemorative plaques around Paris.
A museum is to conserve their memory.
The Terrorism Memorial Museum, due to open in 2029, is to house around 500 objects linked to the attacks or its victims, most contributed by the bereaved families to curators.
The collection includes a concert ticket donated by a mother who lost her only daughter at the Bataclan, and the unfinished guitar of a luthier who was also killed at the concert.
It also contains a blackboard menu of La Belle Equipe riddled with bullet holes, still bearing the words "Happy Hour".
The events of the autumn evening have also been committed to memory in books and screenplays.
But some survivors and relatives of victims approach the tributes with apprehension.
Stephane Sarrade's 23-year-old son Hugo was killed at the Bataclan, a place he has avoided since.
"I am incapable of going there," he said, adding he would stay away from today's ceremonies.
Nadia Mondeguer, whose daughter Lamia was killed aged 30 at La Belle Equipe, said she had been in two minds about the 10-year anniversary.
"I've been feeling like a fever coming over me... the adrenaline starting to rise again," Ms Mondeguer said.
She said she felt that she and other victims had been included in official ceremonies as mere "spectators".
But she said she would go anyway to a ceremony at La Belle Equipe to see other relatives.
Ten years on, the threat of such attacks in France is different. Militant jihadist groups such as Islamic State no longer have the same means to coordinate attacks on French soil, security sources say.
But the group's online propaganda is still effective and able to radicalise youngsters on social media.
The sole surviving member of the ten-person jihadist cell that staged the attacks, 36-year-old Salah Abdeslam, is serving life in jail. The other nine attackers blew themselves up or were killed by police.
Anti-terrorism prosecutors this week launched a probe into Abdeslam's former partner.
