President Jair Bolsonaro has left Brazil for the US, 48 hours before his leftist rival President-elect Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was set to take office, saying he had "lost a battle but not the war."
Mr Bolsonaro, who has barely spoken since losing the election in October, has not confirmed where he is going, but plane tracking data suggests he is heading to Florida, where his security staff are already in place.
He has repeatedly said he does not want to hand over the presidential sash to Mr Lula at Sunday's inauguration. He may also face legal risks from remaining in Brazil as his presidential immunity expires when Mr Lula takes office.
Vice President Hamilton Mourao is now acting president, his press officer told Reuters, confirming Mr Bolsonaro had left the country. But Mr Mourao will not pass the presidential sash to Mr Lula either, a spokesperson said.
"I am in flight, back soon," Mr Bolsonaro was quoted as saying by CNN Brasil. His press office did not respond to a request for comment.
Website FlightAware, which monitors air traffic, showed that the presidential plane departed Brasilia shortly after 2pm local time, bound for Orlando, Florida.
Before takeoff, Mr Bolsonaro delivered a final address on social media in which he ran through the highlights of his time in office, sought to defend his legacy, and tried to inspire his followers into keeping up the fight against the president-elect.
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Some of his base have refused to accept Mr Lula's victory, believing Mr Bolsonaro's baseless claims that the October election was stolen. That has contributed to a tense atmosphere in the capital Brasilia, with riots and a foiled bomb plot last week.
Mr Bolsonaro labelled the bomb plot a "terrorist act" for which there was no justification.
He sought to distance himself from George Washington de Oliveira Sousa, the man who confessed to making the bomb, and who told police that Mr Bolsonaro's call to arms inspired him to gather an arsenal of guns and explosives.
"The man had ideas that are not shared by any citizen, but now they classify him as a 'Bolsonarista'".
However, Mr Bolsonaro also praised protesters who have been camping outside army barracks across the country, urging the military to stage a coup.
"I did not encourage anyone to enter confrontation," he said, adding that his supporters had merely been seeking "freedom." He said the protests had been "spontaneous," with no leadership or coordination.
Mr Bolsonaro's swift exit is a disappointment for many on the right, where his reputation has taken a beating for his post-election silence. His political associates want him to lead the conservative opposition with a view to ousting him in the next election in 2026.
