US President Joe Biden said yesterday that he aims to have all US forces out of Afghanistan by 31 August, ending a massive two-week airlift from the country at the risk of leaving potential evacuees behind.
How was August 31 set?
Former president Donald Trump set an agreement with the Taliban insurgents in February 2020 that all US forces would withdraw from Afghanistan by 1 May this year.
Mr Biden ordered a review when he came into office in January. On 14 April, he announced a four-month postponement of Mr Trump's deadline, saying US and NATO troops "will be out of Afghanistan before we mark the 20th anniversary of that heinous attack on September 11th".
The focus was to evacuate the remaining 2,500 US troops, several thousand NATO soldiers, and some 16,000 civilian contractors who remained in the country.
Critics said the conjunction of the US pull-out and commemorations of the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attack might not look good.
In early July, Mr Biden set an earlier, more precise final day. "Our military mission in Afghanistan will conclude on August 31st," he said.
What was the problem?
The US also wanted to give the Afghan government more time to organise its fight against the Taliban, including handing over previously US-controlled bases and equipment to Afghan forces.
Washington and NATO partners expected that Afghan forces would be able to slow, if not stop, the Taliban campaign against them. US intelligence said that government forces should be able to hold on at least six months after the US departure.
The delay, the State Department believed, was also enough time for the departure of US citizens and tens of thousands of Afghans and their families who worked for US forces and were promised "special immigrant visas" (SIVs) to resettle in the United States.
Instead, Afghan forces failed to fight and, in a rapid-fire campaign the Taliban seized one provincial seat after another in July and August, and finally marched into Kabul on 15 August.
Suddenly time was short.
Emergency airlift
The stunning speed of that victory set in motion a panicked bid by tens of thousands of Afghans and foreigners, including embassy personnel, to flee as quickly as possible.
On 14 August, the US military deployed thousands of troops to take control of Kabul's Hamid Karzai International Airport for a massive airlift.
By Tuesday, the total of US and other countries' evacuees surpassed 71,000 since 14 August, with more than 21,000 flown out in the most recent 24 hours.
But thousands remained, inside the airport and outside, hampered by slow processing and increasing difficulty in reaching the airport due to the Taliban's blockades of Afghans seeking to leave.
Not enough time?
The Pentagon, which is managing all Kabul airport operations, says it actually has to wind down evacuations several days before 31 August, to remove its own 6,000-plus troops on the ground, hundreds of US officials, 600 Afghan security troops guarding the airport and significant amounts of equipment.
Officials of Britain, France and Germany signalled they probably could not complete all of their planned evacuations by 31 August and wanted the US to extend into September.
In Washington, worries grew that the deadline was not time enough to remove all remaining US citizens - the number remained unclear - as well as Afghan SIV evacuees.
On Tuesday leaders of the G7 advanced countries held a video summit to discuss staying beyond 31 August.
But as they did, a Taliban official declared that they would not agree to any extension.
Hours later, Mr Biden announced that he was sticking to the end-of-August target and that his country was "on pace" to finish the US mission on that date.
Yet the White House was slightly ambiguous, stating that exiting by 31 August depends on the Taliban allowing evacuees access to the airport, including SIV-qualified Afghans.
Leaving the door open for going beyond 31 August, Mr Biden has asked "for contingency plans to adjust the timeline should that become necessary", White House spokeswoman Jen Psaki said.
