Pope Francis has named the first woman to hold a high-ranking position in the Secretariat of State, the Vatican's male-dominated diplomatic and administrative body.
Italian Francesca Di Giovanni, a 66-year-old lay woman, will assume a newly-created post as under-secretary in a division known as the Section for Relations with States, effectively one of two deputy foreign ministers.
The Catholic Church allows only men to be ordained as priests and women have traditionally been consigned to the shadows of its administration.
However, women's groups, including the International Union of Superiors General (UISG), an umbrella group of Catholic nuns, have long called on the pope to appoint more females to senior jobs within the Vatican bureaucracy.
They cite figures showing that more than half of the world's 1.3 billion Catholics are women and that membership of female religious orders is about three times larger than male orders.
A Vatican statement confirming Ms Di Giovanni's appointment said she would oversee multilateral relations in the Secretariat where she has worked since 1993. She is a specialist in international law and human rights.
Ms Di Giovanni told the official Vatican website Vatican News that her appointment was "unprecedented" though "the responsibility is connected to the job, rather than to the fact of being a woman".
She added: "A woman may have certain aptitudes for finding commonalities, healing relationships with unity at heart. I hope that my being a woman might reflect itself positively in this task, even if they are gifts that I certainly find in my male colleagues as well."
The Vatican has diplomatic relations with more than 180 countries.
Despite the pope's promises to appoint more women to decision-making jobs in the sovereign state, Ms Di Giovanni joins only about half a dozen others holding them.
The two most prominent are Barbara Jatta, head of Vatican Museums, and Cristiane Murray, deputy head of the press office.
Last year, Pope Francis also appointed four women as the first female councillors for the Synod of Bishops, a department founded more than 50 years ago that prepares major meetings of world bishops held every few years on a different topic.
