Venezuela's infant mortality rose 30% last year, maternal mortality shot up 65% and cases of malaria jumped 76%, according to government data.
The sharp increases reflect how the country's deep economic crisis has hammered at citizens' health.
The statistics were issued on the ministry's website after nearly two years of data silence from President Nicolas Maduro's leftist government.
They also showed a jump in illnesses such as diphtheria and Zika.
Recession and currency controls in the oil-exporting South American nation have slashed both local production and imports of foreign goods, and Venezuelans are facing shortages of everything from rice to vaccines.
The opposition has organised weeks of protests against Mr Maduro, accusing him of dictatorial rule and calling for elections.
In the health sector, doctors have emigrated in droves and patients have to settle for second-rate treatment or none at all.
A leading pharmaceutical association has said roughly 85% of medicines are running short.
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Venezuelans often barter medicine, post pleas on social media, travel to neighbouring countries if they can afford it, or line up for hours at pharmacies.
The Health Ministry had stopped releasing figures after July 2015, amid a wider data blackout.
It was not clear why it published this latest batch of data.
Its statistics for 2016 showed infant mortality, or death of children aged 0-1, climbed 30.12% to 11,466 cases last year.
The report cited neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and prematurity as the main causes.
Hospitals often lack basic equipment such as incubators, and pregnant women are struggling to eat well, including taking folic acid, factors that can affect a baby's health.
Maternal mortality, or death while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of a pregnancy, was also up, rising 65.79% to 756 deaths, the report said.
Mr Maduro's government has claimed that a coup-mongering elite is hoarding medicines to stoke unrest.
