Russia has begun voting in an election set to prolong President Vladimir Putin's presidency by six more years, as Kyiv branded the vote a "farce" and launched a series of attacks on border regions.
Officials in Moscow warned against any protests during the 15-17 March presidential vote, after calls from the opposition for anti-Putin demonstrations on Sunday.
The Kremlin said the vote will show that the country is fully behind his assault on Ukraine and polling stations have been set up in Russian-held territories.
Ahead of the election, Kyiv increased its aerial bombardment of Russian regions just across their shared border.
And the Russian national guard said it was fighting off attacks from pro-Ukrainian militias in Kursk, the latest in a series of border clashes.
"I am convinced: you realise what a difficult period our country is going through, what complex challenges we are facing in almost all areas," Mr Putin said in an address to Russians on the eve of the vote.
"And in order to continue to respond to them with dignity and successfully overcome difficulties, we need to continue to be united and self-confident," he added.
Polling stations opened in Russia's eastern most Kamchatka peninsula at 8:00 am local time and are set to close at 8:00pm (6pm Irish time) on Sunday in Kaliningrad which is a Russian exclave bordering Poland and Lithuania.
All of Mr Putin's major critics are dead, in prison or in exile and authorities blocked the few genuine competitors who tried to stand in the contest.
Alexei Navalny, Mr Putin's most high-profile opponent over the last decade, died in February in an Arctic prison colony.
He was serving 19 years for "extremism", a sentence widely seen as retribution for his campaigning against the Kremlin leader.
Moscow prosecutors warned against protests during the election.
"The organisation of and participation in these mass events are punishable by virtue of the legislation in place," they said in a statement posted on Telegram.
Mr Navalny's widow, Yulia Navalnaya, has called for rallies outside polling stations on Sunday, the final day of voting.
Kyiv has this week launched some of its most significant aerial attacks since the start of the two-year conflict.
Governor of Russia's Belgorod region Vyacheslav Gladkov said that at least three separate waves of aerial attacks had killed two people, wounding several others.
He accused Ukraine of trying to "sow panic, distrust, anger and resentment, in order to break the unit of our society".
Pro-Ukrainian paramilitaries also claimed to be escalating attacks and incursions in Russian border regions.
In a joint statement, three pro-Kyiv volunteer groups, claiming to consist of anti-Kremlin Russians who have taken up arms, called on authorities to evacuate civilians from the regions of Belgorod and Kursk.
"Civilians should not suffer from the war and any casualties in the process of fighting will be on the conscience" of the regions' governors, they added.
Russia has denied militias' claims to have gained ground.
The national guard said its units had beaten back one such attack near the village of Tyotkino in Kursk.
The defence ministry said it had fended off another by Ukrainian forces trying to enter Belgorod via the village of Spodariushino, without saying when the clash had happened.
Election victory will allow Mr Putin to stay in the Kremlin until at least 2030, a longer spell in power than any Russian leader since Catherine the Great in the 18th century.
He called on Russians to use the vote to show their unity behind his leadership.
"We have already shown that we can be together, defending the freedom, sovereignty and security of Russia," he said in a video message, surrounded by Russian flags and the president's state insignia.
"Today it is critically important not to stray from this path," he said.
Early voting was already under way in occupied territories of Ukraine.
The vote will also take place in Crimea, the peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014, a move that most of the international community refuses to recognise.
US State Department spokesman Matthew Miller condemned the voting in Russian-held areas.
"The United States does not and will never recognise the legitimacy or outcome of these sham elections held in sovereign Ukraine," he said.
In the Russian-controlled Ukrainian city of Mariupol, election officials have opened pop-up polling stations at small tables in the street and on the hoods of cars.
Banners were unfurled sporting a red, white and blue "V" logo which is an army symbol used as a sign of support for the military offensive.
Ukraine's foreign ministry urged the international media and public figures "to refrain from referring to this farce as 'elections' in the language of democratic states".
