A damning report into the Grenfell Tower fire has found victims, bereaved and survivors were "badly failed" through incompetence, dishonesty and greed, as British Prime Minister Keir Starmer issued a state apology for a disaster he said should never have happened.
The long-awaited inquiry findings into the 2017 blaze, which claimed the lives of 72 people, concluded that each death was avoidable and had been preceded by "decades of failure" by government and the building industry to act on the dangers of flammable materials on high-rise buildings.
The west London tower block was covered in combustible products because of the "systematic dishonesty" of firms who made and sold the cladding and insulation, inquiry chairman Martin Moore-Bick said.
He called out "deliberate and sustained" manipulation of fire-safety testing, misrepresentation of test data and misleading of the market, as Grenfell United said his report "speaks to a lack of competence, understanding and a fundamental failure to perform the most basic of duties of care".
There was also widespread criticism and blame levelled at the government, local authority of Kensington and Chelsea, the industry, regulatory groups, specific individuals and an ill-prepared fire brigade for years of inaction over fire safety in high-rise blocks.
"The fire at Grenfell Tower was the culmination of decades of failure by central government and other bodies in positions of responsibility in the construction industry," said the inquiry report, which ran to almost 1,700 pages.
The group, which represents some bereaved and survivors, called for a ban on government contracts for some of the companies involved – and Mr Starmer told Parliament all firms found by the inquiry to be part of the "horrific failings" will be written to "as the first step" to stopping them being awarded such contracts.
But while describing the report as a "significant chapter" in the years since the fire, Grenfell United said "justice has not been delivered", as they said police and prosecutors must "ensure that those who are truly responsible are held to account and brought to justice".
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The Metropolitan Police have pledged to go through the report "line by line", but the bereaved and survivors are still facing an estimated 12 to 18-month wait to find out whether any criminal charges will be brought.
Mr Starmer said it was "imperative that there is full accountability" for what happened, "including through the criminal justice process, and that this happens as swiftly as possible".
The prime minister, speaking as some Grenfell families sat in the House of Commons for his statement, said: "I want to start with an apology on behalf of the British state to each and every one of you and indeed to all the families affected by this tragedy.
"It should never have happened. The country failed to discharge its most fundamental duty, to protect you and your loved ones."
There were emotional scenes as Mr Moore-Bick addressed the bereaved and survivors at a west London venue as he published his findings, confirming a "simple truth" that all the deaths were avoidable and that those who lived in the tower were "badly failed" by authorities "in most cases through incompetence but in some cases through dishonesty and greed".
Among those he listed as bearing some responsibility were government, the Kensington and Chelsea local authority, those who manufactured and supplied the materials used in the refurbishment and those who certified their suitability for use on high-rise buildings, as well as the London Fire Brigade.
The seven-volume and near-1,700 page final report of the inquiry into the disaster laid out in damning detail how those in positions of responsibility had not heeded or acted on warnings from earlier fires.
By 2016, a year before the Grenfell fire, the government was "well aware" of the risks of using combustible cladding panels and insulation, particularly in high-rise buildings, "but failed to act on what it knew".
A drive within government, years before the fire, for deregulation, meant concerns about the safety of life had been "ignored, delayed or disregarded", the report said, despite the deadly Lakanal House fire which killed six people in 2009.
In the years after, the agenda to cut red tape was "enthusiastically supported" by some politicians in charge, the report said.
On the industry side, cladding firm Arconic and insulation firms Kingspan and Celotex faced particularly heavy criticism.
Read more: Kingspan made 'false claim' about insulation product
Arconic was found to have "deliberately concealed from the market the true extent of the danger" of using its cladding product, particularly on high-rise buildings.
Kingspan had, from 2005 and even after the inquiry began in the wake of the fire, "knowingly created a false market in insulation" for use on buildings over 18 metres, the report said.
Celotex then, in an attempt to break into this market created by Kingspan, "embarked on a dishonest scheme to mislead its customers and the wider market", Mr Moore-Bick concluded.
He said: "One very significant reason why Grenfell Tower came to be clad in combustible materials was systematic dishonesty on the part of those who made and sold the rainscreen cladding panels and insulation products."
Firms had "engaged in deliberate and sustained strategies to manipulate the testing processes, misrepresent test data and mislead the market", the report said.
Mr Moore-Bick concluded that the fire had been "the culmination of decades of failure by central government and other bodies in positions of responsibility in the construction industry to look carefully into the danger of incorporating combustible materials into the external walls of high-rise residential buildings and to act on the information available to them".
While the first inquiry report in 2019 said London Fire Brigade's performance "fell below the standards set by its own policies or national guidance", the final report concluded that although the service understood the lessons from the Lakanal House fire, its failure "lay in its inability to implement any effective response".
This failure had "many causes", including a "chronic lack of effective leadership", combined with "undue emphasis on process and a culture of complacency", the report said.
Setting out 58 recommendations, Mr Moore-Bick concluded that the construction industry had become "too complex and fragmented".
He suggested a single regulator should be put in place to be responsible for regulation of construction products, testing and certification, and oversight of building control, and for the government to bring all functions relating to fire safety into one department under a single secretary of state.
Mr Starmer said the government will "look at" all of the recommendations "in detail" and respond within six months, as it pledged to also update Parliament annually on progress against its commitments.
