A small, seemingly unremarkable fern that only grows on a remote Pacific island was crowned the Guinness World Record holder for having the largest genome of any organism on Earth.
The New Caledonian fern, Tmesipteris oblanceolata, has more than 50 times more DNA packed into the nucleus of its cells than humans do.
If the DNA from one of the fern's cells - which are just a fraction of a millimetre wide - were unravelled, it would stretch out to 106 metres, scientists said in a new study.
Stood upright, the DNA would be taller than New York's Statue of Liberty, the clock tower for London's Big Ben or India's Taj Mahal. The human genome would extend a mere 2 metres.
The fern's genome weighed in at a whopping 160 gigabase pairs (Gbp), the measurement for DNA length.
That is 7% larger than the previous record holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica.
The human genome is a relatively puny 3.1 Gbp.
If our DNA were unravelled, it would be around two metres long.
Study co-author Ilia Leitch, a researcher at the UK's Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, told AFP that the team was "really surprised to find something even bigger than Paris japonica".
"We thought we'd already reached the biological limit. We're really pushing at the extremes of biology," she said.
The fern, which grows five to ten centimetres tall, is only found in New Caledonia, a French Pacific territory which has recently seen unrest.
Two members of the research team travelled to the main island, Grand Terre, in 2023 and worked with local scientists for the study, which was published in the journal iScience.
Guinness World Records awarded the fern its coveted "largest genome title".
The win by "this innocuous-looking" fern demonstrates that "record holders aren't always the showiest on the outside", Guinness World Records managing editor Adam Millward said.
What is a genome again?
Humans are estimated to have more than 30 trillion cells in our bodies.
Within each of those cells is a nucleus which contains DNA, which is like a "book of instructions that tells an organism like ourselves how to live and survive", Ms Leitch explained.
All of an organism's DNA is called its genome.
So far, scientists have estimated the genome size of around 20,000 organisms, just a fraction of life on Earth.
Among animals, the marbled lungfish has the largest, with 130 Gbp.
While plants have the biggest genomes, they can also have incredibly small ones. The carnivorous Genlisea aurea's genome is just 0.06 Gbp.
However, we humans need not feel inadequate when comparing ourselves to the mighty T. oblanceolata.
All the evidence suggests that having a huge genome is a disadvantage, Ms Leitch said.
The more DNA you have, the larger your cells need to be to squeeze it all in.
For plants, bigger cells mean things like the pores of leaves have to be larger, which can make them grow more slowly.
It is also trickier to make new copies of all that DNA, limiting their reproductive abilities.
This means the most massive genomes are seen in slow-growing, perennial plants which cannot easily adapt to adversity or contend with competition.
Genome size can therefore affect how plants respond to climate change, changing land use and other environmental challenges caused by humans, Ms Leitch said.
What's all that DNA for?
There could still be bigger genomes somewhere out there but Ms Leitch thinks this fern must be near the limit.
"I cannot understand how an organism with all this DNA really functions," she said.
Scientists do not know what most of the DNA does in such huge genomes, she admitted.
Some say most of it is "junk DNA".
"But that's probably our own ignorance. Maybe it does have a function, and we have yet to find it," Ms Leitch said.
Jonathan Wendel, a botanist at Iowa State University not involved in the research, agreed it was "astonishing" how much DNA the fern is packing.
But this only "represents the first step", he told AFP.
"A great mystery is the meaning of all of this variation - how do genomes grow and shrink, and what are the evolutionary causes and consequences of these phenomena?"
Larger genomes require more resources for DNA replication, repair and transcription - a process a cell uses to make the proteins an organism needs to function.
"This increased demand can strain the plant's energy and nutrient resources, which could otherwise be used for growth, reproduction and stress responses," the study's co-lead author Oriane Hidalgo said.
