Song lyrics have become angrier over the past four decades a new study has found.
The study also shows that words have become simpler and more repetitive in rap, country, pop, R&B and rock songs.
According to research published in the journal Scientific Reports, rap songs showed the highest increase in anger and negative emotions while country songs had the lowest rise.
Assistant professor at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, Eva Zangerle, said anger-related lyrics in music have become more common due to changes in society and culture.
The study is based on the lyrics of 12,000 English language songs released between 1980 and 2020.
The team also looked at the page views of these lyrics on the online song lyric platform Genius and found that lyrics have become simpler and easier to understand over time.
Analysis also showed the number of different words used within songs has decreased, particularly among rap and rock songs.
Researchers speculate this is due to the changes in how music is played, such as increases in songs being played as background music.
Prof Zangerle said: "In the last 40 years, we have witnessed a change from buying records in the store to being able to choose from hundreds of millions of songs on streaming platforms on the phone.
"This has also changed the way music is consumed".
The researchers also found that lyrics have become more emotional and personal over time, with an increase in both positive and negative words in rap songs.
R&B, pop and country songs have also seen a rise in the use of emotionally negative lyrics.
When analysing the page views on Genius, the team found that older rock songs were viewed more than those of newer ones, but the reverse was true for country songs.
This could indicate that rock listeners prefer lyrics from older songs, while country listeners may prefer lyrics from newer songs.
Commenting on the overall findings, the authors wrote: "This suggests that for rap, rock, and country, lyrics play a more pronounced role than for other genres and that listeners' interest in lyrics goes beyond musical consumption itself".
