Cocaine production, seizures and use all hit record highs in 2023, the UN drug agency said, with the illicit drug's market the world's fastest-growing.
Illegal production jumped to 3,708 tonnes, nearly 34% more than in 2022, and more than four times higher than ten years earlier, when it was at a low, the Vienna-based UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said in its annual report.
The current surge is mainly due to an increase in the size of the area under illicit coca bush cultivation in Colombia and updated yield data, it added.
Global cocaine seizures, too, recorded a high of 2,275 tonnes, marking a 68% rise in the four years to 2023.
The number of cocaine users also grew to 25 million in 2023, up from 17 million, ten years earlier.
"Cocaine has become fashionable for the more affluent society," UNODC chief researcher Angela Me said, noting a "vicious cycle" of increased use and production.
While Colombia remains the key producer, cocaine traffickers are breaking into new markets across Asia and Africa, according to the report, with organised crime groups from the Western Balkans increasing their influence.
"North America, Western and Central Europe and South America continue to constitute the largest markets for cocaine, on the basis of the number of people who used drugs in the past year and on data derived from wastewater analysis.
"A new era of global instability has intensified challenges in addressing the world drug problem, empowering organised crime groups and pushing drug use to historically high levels," UNODC noted.
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In 2023, the percent of the people aged between 15 and 64 estimated to have used a drug was 6%, compared to 5.2% of the population in 2013.
Cannabis remains the most widely used drug.
Seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants reached a record high in 2023, making up almost half of all global seizures of synthetic drugs, followed by synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, UNODC said.
The leading drugs there were methamphetamine and amphetamine.
The fall of ruler Bashar al-Assad in Syria last December has "created uncertainty around the future of the captagon trade", UNODC added.
Earlier this month, Syria said authorities had seized all production facilities of the illicit stimulant, which became Syria's largest export under the Assad regime.
"The latest seizure data from 2024 and 2025 confirm that captagon is continuing to flow - primarily to countries of the Arabian peninsula - possibly indicating the release of previously-accumulated stockpiles or continued production in different locations," UNODC said.
