The hunt has begun for the cause of a massive blackout across Spain, Portugal and parts of France that halted trains, bank machines and traffic lights, in one of Europe's biggest ever power system collapses.
Cyber attack?
Spanish electricity grid operator REE and Portugal's government have both ruled out a cyberattack as the cause of the power outage.
REE's System Operations Chief Eduardo Prieto told a news briefing the electricity system was hit by a dramatic power generation loss in southwestern Spain, that caused instability in the system that led to its disconnection from the French grid.
He said it was quite possible that the affected generation was solar, but it was to early to say for sure.
"In Portugal, we have no information related to a cyberattack or a hostile act at this stage," said government spokesman Antonio Leitao Amaro, telling CNN Portugal.
"There would seem to have been an issue in the power transmission network" in Spain.
Explanations so far
Spanish grid operator Red Electrica, in a statement, pointed to a "strong oscillation in the power flow, which triggered "a very significant loss of generation".
This loss of generation went beyond what the electrical systems are designed to handle and the Spanish grid was disconnected from the European system.
The electrical system then collapsed, leading to voltage losses in the supply points of both the Spanish and Portuguese peninsular electrical systems, Red Electrica said.
What causes power outages?
The most common cause of an unplanned power cut which disables electricity on a large scale is extreme weather such as storms, lightning strikes or high winds.
They can also happen when there are faults at power stations, power distribution lines, substations or other parts of the electricity transmission system or grid.
Most power cuts typically last between a few minutes to several hours.
Read more:
Spain and Portugal rule out cyberattack after blackout
What is the Iberian power mix?
Spain is one of Europe's biggest producers of renewable energy, and yesterday's shutdown has already sparked debate about whether the volatility of supply from solar or wind made its power systems more vulnerable to such an outage.
Red Electrica data shows solar photovoltaic (PV) energy was providing almost 59% of Spain's electricity at the time of the blackout, while wind power was providing nearly 12%, nuclear almost 11% and combined cycle gas plants 5%.
Red Electrica data also shows that within just five minutes yesterday, between 12.30pm and 12.35pm local time (11.30am -11.35am Irish time), solar PV generation dropped from more than 18 GW to just 8 GW.
What factors could be involved?
A source with direct knowledge of the sector said that at the time of the outage, the Spanish grid was running with very little "inertia", which is the energy moving in a large rotating mass like a generator or in some industrial motors.
Inertia helps to stabilize the grid by slowing down the rate of frequency change when there's a sudden drop or rise in demand or generation.
"In those conditions (when there is little inertia) if there’s a drop in production for whatever reason, the grid loses (more) inertia and everything fails. And in a blackout, you need to rebuild inertia before bringing things back online, which takes a few hours," the source said, requesting anonymity.
Victor Becerra, professor of power systems engineering, at the UK's University of Portsmouth, said the Iberian outage showed the complexity of managing modern energy systems particularly, as they integrate increasing levels of intermittent renewable energy, such as wind and solar.
