COP30 host Brazil is pushing for an early breakthrough at UN climate talks, with nations considering a proposed agreement that seeks to bridge major differences on fossil fuels, finance and trade barriers.
Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is to make an unexpected return to Belém, the host city in the country's Amazon region, in a high-level bid to seal a deal.
After announcing the fast-tracked timeline, negotiators spent the night producing a first draft on trade measures, demands for greater finance for poorer nations, and the inadequacy of national carbon-cutting pledges.
"As always in this phase of the negotiations, this is a mixed bag," said European Commissioner for Climate Wopke Hoekstra.
UK climate envoy Rachel Kyte said the draft "feels a little out of balance" but hoped that discussions with Brazil could yield a "stronger text".
"The Brazilians have a very aggressive timeline. I think it's putting delegates under a lot of pressure, but there's a chemistry to COPs," Ms Kyte told reporters.
The quick turnaround of a clear first draft so early in the climate talks sent a signal that Brazil was confident of landing an agreement soon, according to veteran COP observers.
The plan is to conclude an agreement today, COP30 President André Aranha Corrêa do Lago confirmed, though it could happen "very late" in the day.
He also said that President Lula would return to meet with "some of the negotiating groups" and take part in other activities in Belém.
"It would be a way of putting pressure on delegates to move quickly to resolve issues," said international climate director at the World Resources Institute think tank David Waskow.
Among other things, the draft underscores the gulf between a broad coalition pushing for a "roadmap" on phasing out fossil fuels and an opposing bloc led by oil-producing countries.
More than a dozen climate ministers and ambassadors united on stage yesterday in a call for stronger language in the final agreement on exiting coal, oil and gas.
"The current reference in the text is weak, and it is presented as an option. It must be strengthened and adopted," said Tina Stege, climate envoy from the low-lying Marshall Islands, flanked by counterparts from Sierra Leone, the UK and Colombia.
The draft also suggested tripling financial assistance from wealthy countries to developing ones for adaptation to climate change by 2030 or 2035 - a key demand from poorer nations.
"Climate finance is not charity. It is a legal and moral obligation," Vanuatu's Minister of Climate Change, Ralph Regenvanu, told the summit.
Brazil is eager to show that the world is united in the fight against climate change, despite the United States skipping the talks and many other nations juggling competing priorities.
"We must show the world that multilateralism is alive," permanent representative of the small-island state of Kiribati, Josephine Moote, told COP30.
But Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Climate Change and Forestry, Dr Deborah Mlongo Barasa, said the obligation of rich countries to deliver promised financial assistance "remains the defining test of global solidarity".
Mr Hoekstra said there was "zero appetite" for reopening a debate over climate finance - a difficult subject that turned acrimonious at last year's COP29 in Azerbaijan.
He also rejected some of the draft proposals on trade concerns as China leads a push against "unilateral" measures and, in particular, the EU's carbon price on imports.
"We're not going to be lured into a phony conversation about trade measures. Let's call this what it is," he said.
The marathon climate talks are due to end on Friday after close to two weeks of negotiation, but previous summits have frequently run into overtime.
