UK trade with the EU will face "significant disruption" when the Brexit transition ends, regardless of whether a trade deal is agreed, the UK government spending watchdog has warned.
The National Audit Office (NAO) said preparations for the new border controls, which had already been rated "high risk", had been further hampered by the coronavirus pandemic.
The controls are due to come into place on 1 January, the day after the transition period ends.
With less than two months to go, the NAO said key IT systems had yet to be tested and transit areas for lorries were not ready.
It added that the government had still not taken the steps required to ensure there were enough customs agents, seen as "vital" to the smooth working of the system.
At the same time, civil contingency plans to maintain the supply of medicines and other critical goods, including acquiring extra freight capacity away from the main Channel crossings, were proving more difficult to enact due to the pandemic.
The NAO also highlighted concerns about the checks that will be required for goods moving to Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK.
Northern Ireland's Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), which is responsible for checks on agri-food products, had been "severely hampered" by the ongoing trade talks with Brussels and a "lack of clarity" over the measures required.
As a result, DAERA had concluded it would not be possible to complete the necessary work on its systems and infrastructure by 1 January.
It said it was having to explore "contingency options".
Meanwhile, the NAO said the Government had left itself little time to mobilise its new Trader Support Service, which will help businesses moving goods between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This meant there was a "high risk" traders would still not be ready when the new arrangements kick in.
According to the government's latest "reasonable worst case planning assumptions", between 40% and 70% of lorries transiting between the EU and the UK may still not be ready for the new border controls come 1 January.
Ministers have already warned hauliers they could face queues of up to 7,000 lorries at the main Channel crossings.
While arrangements were being developed to minimise delays, the NAO said these depended on new technology and would require the engagement of both trades and hauliers.
At the same time, it warned there was little time left for ports to integrate their systems and processes with new government systems, and that they may have to fall back on "manual processes".
While the government has identified seven inland transit sites for lorries, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has said getting them all ready for January 1 was proving "very challenging".
Although ministers have delayed the imposition of full import controls on goods coming from the EU until July 2021, the NAO said there was still "uncertainty" over where the infrastructure would be located and whether it would be ready in time.
It added that HMRC still needed to make significant changes to its customs systems to handle the increase in customs declarations, even though it had known this was likely to be necessary since planning for a no-deal Brexit began in 2017.
