South Korea's parliament has introduced a motion to impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol over a botched attempt to impose martial law, but his party vowed to oppose the move, throwing the process into doubt.
Politicians could vote for the bill as early as tomorrow. Mr Yoon's ruling People Power Party said it would oppose it but the party has been divided over the crisis.
The opposition Democratic Party, which has a majority in parliament, needs at least eight ruling party politicians to back the bill in order for it to pass.
"The Yoon Suk Yeol regime's declaration of emergency martial law caused great confusion and fear among our people," Democratic Party politician Kim Seung-won told a session of South Korea's National Assembly held in the early hours of this morning.
Fighting for his political future, Mr Yoon accepted the resignation of Defence Minister Kim Yong-hyun and nominated his ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Choi Byung-hyuk, as a replacement, Mr Yoon's office said.
A senior military official, and filings to impeach Mr Yoon by opposition members, said Mr Kim recommended Mr Yoon declare martial law late on Tuesday, a move that sparked outrage in the streets and concern among its international allies.
Mr Yoon's declaration of martial law attempted to ban political activity and censor the media in South Korea, which is Asia's fourth-largest economy and a key US ally.
None of the 108 ruling party politicians were present for the introduction of the impeachment motion. The motion paves the way for a vote to be held in the following 24 to 72 hours.
The impeachment follows a night of chaos after Mr Yoon declared martial law and armed troops attempted to force their way into the National Assembly building in Seoul, only to stand back when parliamentary aides sprayed them with fire extinguishers.
"The people and the aides who protected parliament protected us with their bodies. The people won, and it's now time for us to protect the people," the Democratic Party's Mr Kim said.
"We need to immediately suspend the authority of President Yoon. He has committed an indelible, historic crime against the people, whose anxiety needs to be soothed so that they can return to their daily lives," he added.
US Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell said that Mr Yoon had badly misjudged his martial law declaration.
"This is a powerful symbol of the fact that people were prepared to come out and make clear that this was a deeply illegitimate process and that would be met by the will of the people, and frankly, the will of the legislative bodies," he told an event organised by the Aspen Strategy Forum.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken said the United States had not been made aware in advance of Mr Yoon's declaration, adding that he anticipated speaking to his South Korean counterpart in the coming days.
Opposition parties need a two-thirds majority to pass the impeachment bill. If it passes, South Korea's Constitutional Court will then decide whether to uphold the motion - a process that could take up to 180 days.
If Mr Yoon were to be suspended from exercising power, Prime Minister Han Duck-soo would fill in as leader.
If the embattled president resigned or was removed from office, a new election would be held within 60 days.
No specific threats
Mr Yoon told the nation in a television speech that martial law was needed to defend the country from pro-North Korean anti-state forces, and protect the free constitutional order, although he cited no specific threats.
Within hours, South Korea's parliament, with 190 of its 300 members present, unanimously passed a motion for martial law to be lifted, with 18 members of Mr Yoon's party present.
The president then rescinded the declaration of martial law, around six hours after its proclamation.
"There are opinions that it was too much to go to emergency martial law, and that we did not follow the procedures for emergency martial law, but it was done strictly within the constitutional framework," a South Korean presidential official told Reuters by telephone.
There has been no reaction yet from North Korea to the drama in the South.
Mr Yoon had been embraced by leaders in the West as a partner in the US-led effort to unify democracies against growing authoritarianism in China, Russia and elsewhere.
But he caused unease among South Koreans by branding his critics as "communist totalitarian and anti-state forces". In November, he denied wrongdoing in response to influence-peddling allegations against him and his wife and he has taken a hardline against labour unions.
Mr Yoon, a career prosecutor, squeezed out a victory in the tightest presidential election in South Korean history in 2022, riding a wave of discontent over economic policy, scandals and gender wars.
But his support ratings have been at around 20% for months and the opposition captured nearly two-thirds of seats in parliament in an April election.
