Polish pro-EU opposition parties have won a parliamentary majority in a tight general election, the poll commission has said, announcing complete results from Sunday's vote.
A centrist and left-wing bloc of parties will have 249 seats, a majority in the 460-seat parliament.
Former Prime Minister Donald Tusk's Civic Coalition won 157 seats and looks set to form a broad, centrist coalition with the centre-right Third Way, which won 65 seats, and the Left, 26 seats.
The ruling nationalist-populist Law and Justice party won 194 seats.
It won 35% of the national vote and remains the country's largest party but looks highly unlikely to be able to form a majority with other parties.
The far-right Confederation party won fewer seats than anticipated.
Its 18 MPs would not be enough to provide Law and Justice with a majority.
Prior to the election, Confederation had also ruled out joining a coalition with Law and Justice.
Yesterday, Law and Justice reached out to MPs from the farmer's party contingent of the centre-right Third Way alliance to start coalition talks.
The leadership of the farmer's party (PSL) has ruled out talks with Law and Justice.
The centrist and left-wing opposition also won a majority in Poland's upper house, the Senate.
Campaigning as one united bloc for the Senate election, the opposition won 65 seats of the 100 seats.
Law and Justice won 34 seats in the Senate.
Turnout for the parliamentary and senate elections was a record high of 74%.
More than 21 million Polish citizens cast their votes on election day.
Turnout for four referendum questions, proposed by Law and Justice and held on election day, was 40%, lower than the 50% required for the referendums to be declared valid.
Two of the referendum questions mirrored Law and Justice's electoral campaign agenda to restrict irregular immigration and the party's opposition to the European Union's new migrant relocation deal.
Turnout among younger voters, aged 18 to 29 was 68%, a substantial increase on the same age group's turnout for the previous general election in 2019, which was 46%, according to pollster Ipsos.
Law and Justice won a higher proportion of votes in small towns and rural areas, whereas Mr Tusk's centrists performed better in larger towns and cities.
Talk will now turn towards the formation of a new government.
The convention in Poland is for the president to ask the party with the largest number of parliamentary seats to form a government first.
The next sitting of the Polish parliament is on 14 November.
Polish President Andrzej Duda then has 14 days to nominate a new prime minister.
Mr Duda has said he will ask a member from the winning party to be prime minister, which suggests Law and Justice.
A vote will then be held within 14 days of that candidate's nomination for prime minister, which could be in early December.
If the Law and Justice candidate does not win a vote of confidence in parliament, then another candidate for prime minister will be nominated.
At that stage, the centrist-left bloc, may get its chance to vote on its candidate for prime minister, likely to be Mr Tusk.
This means that Poland is facing weeks and possibly months of talks on coalition formation.
Another scenario, though less likely, is that Law and Justice will decline the president's request to nominate a candidate for prime minister, paving the way for the centrist-left bloc to form a government more quickly.
If the centrist-left bloc forms a coalition government, domestic issues are likely to occupy its immediate agenda.
The economy, tackling inflation and the management of public media and state-run companies will be its immediate priorities.
Unlocking EU cohesion funds, held up over the current government's clashes with Brussels over the rule-of-law issues, namely the independence of the judiciary, will also be a key priority for a new centrist government.
An exit poll conducted by Polish pollster OGB found that the economy, followed by abortion and women's rights and national security were the three biggest concerns for voters.
Rule-of-law was the fourth most important issue for voters.
Only 7% of voters rated immigration as their chief concern.
Since Monday morning, the Polish zloty has strengthened slightly, relative to both the US dollar and the euro.
The Warsaw Stock Exchange's main index, the WIG, has also increased by 2.5% since yesterday morning.
