Abortion rights advocates celebrated as the midwestern US state of Kansas voted to maintain the right to the procedure, the first major poll on the flashpoint issue since the Supreme Court overturned nationwide access in June.
Kansans rejected an amendment that would have scrapped language in the state constitution guaranteeing the right to the procedure and could have paved the way for stricter regulations or a ban.
The vote was widely seen as a test case for abortion rights nationwide, as Republican-dominated legislatures rush to impose strict bans on the procedure following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade.
Results showed that votes in favour of keeping abortion in the state constitution far surpassed the votes against. This reflects the fact that a majority of Americans support abortion access, multiple studies have shown.
When polls closed at midnight Irish time, Kansas Secretary of State Scott Schwab said turnout was as high as 50% on this referendum, local media reported a number usually expected for a general election.
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Poll worker Marsha Barrett said some 250 voters had come to a station in the Kansas City suburb of Olathe by midday, the same number it might see all day in a presidential election.
"This election is crazy," Ms Barrett said. "People are determined to vote."
Other states including California and Kentucky are set to vote on the hot-button issue in November, at the same time as Congressional midterm elections in which both Republicans and Democrats hope to use it to mobilise their supporters nationwide.
In Kansas, the ballot centred on a 2019 ruling by the state's supreme court that guarantees access to abortion.
In response, the Republican-dominated state legislature introduced an amendment known as "Value Them Both" that would have scrapped the constitutional right, with the stated aim of handing regulation of the procedure back to lawmakers.
In the opposing camp, activists said the campaign was a barely masked bid to clear the way for an outright ban, one state legislator had already introduced a bill that would ban abortion without exceptions for rape, incest or the mother's life.
For Ashley All, spokeswoman for pro-abortion rights campaign Kansans for Constitutional Freedom, the amendment would have dealt a blow to "personal autonomy".
But voter Sylvia Brantley, 60, said she voted in favour of the change because she believes "babies matter, too."
She said she wants to see more regulations, in the hope that "Kansas will not be a marketplace for killing babies".
Activists complained that the phrasing of the ballot question was counterintuitive and potentially confusing: voting Yes to the amendment meant abortion rights would be curbed, while people who wished to keep those rights intact must vote No.
While abortion rights advocates in Kansas could breathe a sigh of relief in their own state, they still are looking nervously to neighbouring Oklahoma and Missouri, which are among at least eight states to have passed near-total bans, the latter making no exceptions for rape or incest, while midwestern Indiana adopted its own rigid ban on Saturday.
Voter Chris Ehly, in Prairie Village, said he voted No because his daughter and wife "are very adamant about the decision."
"I want to respect them," he said.
Another Prairie Village voter, who declined to give her name, said she struggled to decide which way to vote.
"I've gone back and forth the whole time," she said, saying she ultimately chose to vote No.
"I feel like women should have a choice, but I also don't want full-term babies aborted," she said.
The outcome in Kansas means that abortion will remain permitted up to 22 weeks of pregnancy.
Kansas leans heavily toward the Republican Party, which favours stricter abortion regulations, but a 2021 survey from Fort Hays State University found that fewer than 20% of Kansas respondents agreed that abortion should be illegal even in cases of rape or incest.
