Romanian authorities have said the country will have to kill or relocate over 140 bears and 97 wolves, following a rise in the number of attacks on humans.
The move has sparked outrage from animal rights groups.
The measures aim to "prevent important damages and protect public health and safety", the Romanian environment ministry said in a statement.
A government-appointed commission of scientists backed the move, saying that it did not "endanger the conservation of these two species".
The decision to let authorities carry out the killings also "prevents trophy hunting", according to experts.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has strongly denounced the measure and blamed the issue on deforestation.
"The authorities should first address the problems that have prompted bears to get closer and closer to human settlements in the search for food," Cristian Papp, the head of WWF's Romanian branch said.
Last October, a similar outcry forced the environment ministry to retract quotas allowing hunters to kill 552 bears, 657 wolves and 482 lynx.
Romania's vast areas of virgin forest are home to around 6,000 brown bears, 60% of Europe's population, which mostly roam the Carpathian Mountains.
In recent months, an increasing number have entered towns and villages looking for food.
In July, two shepherds were seriously injured in a bear attack in the Carpathian region.
A month earlier, authorities were forced to temporarily close the famous Poenari Castle - the inspiration for Bram Stoker's gothic novel "Dracula" - after tourists came face-to-face with a mother bear and her three cubs.
