By Tracey German, King's College London
One of the most notable features of Russia's war in Ukraine has been Moscow's increasing reliance on what are known as private military companies. Forces such as the Wagner Group led by Yevgeny Prigozhin have borne the brunt of much of the fiercest fighting, especially during the bloody battle for Bakhmut.
Earlier this month, the ministry of defence – apparently with the backing of the Russian president, Vladimir Putin – announced it would bring these irregular forces and militias under its direct control. At a press conference, deputy defence minister Nikolai Pankov extolled the virtues of serving in "volunteer formations and organisations".
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Today With Claire Byrne Show, Financial Times investigative journalist Miles Johnson and BBC Balkans Correspondent Guy De Launey profile the Wagner Group and its leader Yevgeny Prigozhin
He claimed that there had been a significant increase in citizens who wanted to "defend the motherland" in these groups and set out details of how to sign up. The announcement was seen as an indication of Russia's desperate need for manpower and the Kremlin's desire to avoid full-scale mobilisation of the population.
It was also taken as further evidence of the animosity between Prigozhin and defence minister, Sergei Shoigu. Prigozhin flatly refused to sign a contract, but the Akhmat group of Chechen forces became one of the first to sign up. Pankov's announcement is significant. It wasn't until Putin signed changes to defence regulations in November 2022 that the inclusion of "volunteer formations" was legalised for the first time.
Unconfirmed reports that clashes have broken out in the Voronezh region, after a pro-Russian channel claimed the Russian airforce began "working" against Wagner pic.twitter.com/8o6KmPgohx
— Michael A. Horowitz (@michaelh992) June 24, 2023
Changing the law
Previously, Article 13 of the constitution of the Russian Federation had explicitly banned "the creation and activities of public associations, the goals and actions of which are aimed at creating armed formations".
Article 71 of the constitution also states that issues of defence and security, war and peace, foreign policy,and international relations are the prerogative of the state, and therefore private companies cannot be involved.
The criminal code also identifies mercenary activity as a crime, including the "recruitment, financing or other material support of a mercenary" as well as the use or participation of mercenaries in armed conflict.
Putin's amendments to the Law on Defence appear to change this. The amendments were implemented by Shoigu's order of 15 February 2023, which set out the procedure for providing volunteer formations with weapons, military equipment and logistics as well as setting out conditions of service.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's This Week, military analyst Prof Candace Rondeaux from Arizona State University's Center on the Future of War on the role of the Wagner group in Russia's war on Ukraine
Acceptance of private forces within Russia
There have been signs of increasing prominence and acceptance of private forces within Russia. In April 2023, the deputy governor of Novosibirsk announced that employees of private military companies would be able to use the rehabilitation certificate issued to state military veterans of the Ukraine war to access a range of services.
There have also been reports in the Russian media that Wagner recruitment centres have opened in 42 cities across the country (the Wagner Group notoriously recruited heavily from Russian prisons.
There are a range of irregular forces operating in Ukraine, including Ramzan Kadyrov's Chechen forces, the Kadyrovtsy, which officially come under the command of the Russian National Guard (Rosgvardiya), alongside private forces such as Wagner, Redut, Patriot and Potok.
Just wow. A video has surfaced showing Prigozhin at the Southern Military District HQ in Rostov-on-Don talking to (and HUMILIATING) Deputy Defense Minister Yunus-bek Yevkurov. He threatens to blockade Rostov and head for Moscow!
— Kevin Rothrock (@KevinRothrock) June 24, 2023
I have extreme trouble understanding Yevkurov and… pic.twitter.com/jGr9gaLB1i
These volunteer formations offer a more flexible force than conventional military forces which operate under a notoriously rigid chain of command.
They also provide a convenient "cut-out" for the Russian state: private groups and individuals bear the human, financial and political costs that would otherwise be borne by the government. And the Kremlin can fudge the list of official military casualties, otherwise a source of considerable public anxiety directed at the government and its leader.
A force at war with itself
But the increasing visibility of these groups in Ukraine and the public infighting between the ministry of defence and the groups' leadership is a reminder of the system of patronage and fealty that characterises political culture in today's Russia.
Turf wars are common, as rivals compete for resources, influence and, of course, the ear of Vladimir Putin himself. You only have to look at the insults hurled at each other by Prigozhin and Shoigu.
Prigozhin has been very vocal in his criticism of Shoigu and the Russian generals running the war, frequently accusing them of incompetence and corruption. The long-running acrimony between the pair reportedly stems from the defence minister cutting off Prigozhin's access to profitable defence contracts.
This rivalry served Putin's interests to a certain extent. As long as any potential challengers are busy fighting each other, they pose little threat to his position. But it hindered the country's combat effectiveness as the fragmentation of forces makes command and control difficult, and means there is little unity of effort.
The move by the Russian defence ministry to bring "volunteer formations" under its control must be understood against this backdrop of fragmentation and in-fighting, as well as the ongoing conscription round. The current conscription window, which opened on April 1, closes on July 15, has a stated goal of recruiting 147,000 soldiers.
The Kremlin is keen to avoid full-scale mobilisation and had been exploring all options to sustain its war in Ukraine. Taking control of private forces may allow Putin to put off full-scale mobilisation for a little longer.
Tracey German is Professor of Conflict and Security at King's College London. This piece was originally published by The Conversation.
The views expressed here are those of the author and do not represent or reflect the views of RTÉ
