Analysis: stress, anxiety, depression, worry, isolation and loneliness brought about by the pandemic and lockdown can change our brain chemistry
By Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian, University of Cambridge; Christelle Langley, University of Cambridge, and Deniz Vatansever, Fudan University
Whether you have contracted Covid-19 or not, your brain is likely to have changed over the past few months. The virus itself can cause a number of neurological problems, along with anxiety and depression. The isolation and worry caused by the pandemic can similarly alter our brain chemistry and cause mood disorders.
In our new paper, published in Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, we have investigated how to best overcome the brain changes linked to the pandemic.
Let's start with Covid-19 infection. In addition to mood disorders, common symptoms include fatigue, headaches, memory loss and problems with attention. There may be a number of reasons for these brain changes, including inflammation and cerebrovascular events (a syndrome caused by disruption of blood supply to the brain).
Research suggests that the virus may gain access to the brain via the forebrain's olfactory bulb, which is important for the processing of smell. Loss of smell is a symptom in many patients with Covid-19. As part of the system responsible for your sense of smell, the olfactory bulb sends information about smell to be further processed in other brain regions – including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus – which play a major role in emotion, learning and memory.
As well as having extensive connections to other brain regions, the olfactory bulb is rich in the chemical dopamine, which is important for pleasure, motivation and action. It may be that Covid-19 alters the levels of dopamine and other chemicals, such as serotonin and acetylcholine, in the brain, but we can't say for sure yet. All these chemicals are known to be involved in attention, learning, memory and mood.
These changes in the brain are likely responsible for the mood, fatigue and cognitive changes that are commonly experienced by Covid-19 patients. This in turn may underlie the reported symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression in patients who have contracted the virus.
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From RTÉ Radio 1's Drivetime, Dr Paul D'Alton from UCD and St Vincent's University Hospital on how to manage stress during the pandemic
But it's not just people who have contracted the Covid-19 virus that have suffered from increased anxiety and depression during the pandemic. Excessive worry over contracting or spreading the virus to other family members, as well as isolation and loneliness, can also change our brain chemistry.
Repeated stress is a major trigger for persistent inflammation in the body, which can also affect the brain and shrink the hippocampus and therefore affect our emotions. Stress can also affect levels of brain serotonin and cortisol, which can affect our mood. Eventually, these changes can cause symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Time to train your brain
The good thing about the brain, however, is that it is incredibly plastic, which means it is changeable and can compensate for damage. Even serious conditions such as memory loss and depression can be improved by doing things that alter the brain function and its chemistry.
Our paper looks at promising solutions to combat symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression – in Covid-19 patients and others. We already know that exercise and mindfulness training – techniques that help us stay in the present – are helpful when it comes to combating brain stress. Indeed, studies have shown beneficial functional and structural changes in the brain's prefrontal cortex (involved in planning and decision making), hippocampus and amygdala following mindfulness training.
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One study showed an enhanced density of grey matter – the tissue containing most of the brain's cell bodies and a key component of the central nervous system – in the left hippocampus after eight weeks of training (in comparison to controls).
Importantly, these are all regions that are impacted by the Covid-19 virus. Additionally, gamified cognitive training can also help improve attention, memory function and increase motivation. Those who have persistent or severe mental health symptoms may require clinical evaluation by a psychologist or psychiatrist. In such cases, there are pharmacological and psychological treatments available, such as antidepressants or cognitive behavioural therapy.
Given that many countries haven't completely come out of lockdown yet, and there are long delays in accessing healthcare, modern techniques such as wearable devices (activity trackers) and digital platforms (mobile apps), that can be easily integrated into daily life, are promising.
As a society, we need to anticipate future challenges to our brain health, cognition and wellbeing
For example, activity trackers can monitor things like heart rate and sleeping patterns, indicating when the wearer may benefit from activities such as meditation, exercise or extra sleep. There are also apps that can help you reduce your stress levels yourself.
These techniques are likely be beneficial to everyone, and may help us to better promote cognitive resilience and mental health – preparing us for future critical events such as global pandemics. As a society, we need to anticipate future challenges to our brain health, cognition and wellbeing. We should be utilising these techniques in schools to promote lifelong resilience starting at an early age.
Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian is Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology at the University of Cambridge; Christelle Langley is a Postdoctoral Research Associate in Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge. Deniz Vatansever is Junior Principal Investigator at Fudan University. This article first appeared in The Conversation.
The views expressed here are those of the author and do not represent or reflect the views of RTÉ
