The European Central Bank kept interest rates unchanged as expected at a record high today and reaffirmed its commitment to fighting inflation, giving not a hint that policymakers are starting to contemplate policy easing.
The ECB ended its fastest ever rate-hiking cycle in September but has been adamant that even discussing a reversal would be premature, since price pressures have yet to be fully extinguished and many wage negotiations have yet to conclude.
Investors, however, are betting that the ECB is getting it wrong on both growth and inflation and will be forced to make an about-face, delivering five rate cuts in rapid succession from early in spring.
But the ECB did not signal such a pivot today and made only nuanced changes in its statement, repeating its longstanding guidance that holding interest rates at the current level for sufficiently long will bring inflation back to target.
"The Governing Council considers that the key ECB interest rates are at levels that, maintained for a sufficiently long duration, will make a substantial contribution to this goal," the ECB said.
"The Governing Council's future decisions will ensure that its policy rates will be set at sufficiently restrictive levels for as long as necessary," the ECB said in a statement.
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The bank said that inflation trends "broadly" confirmed its previous assessment but it removed a reference in previous statements to elevated domestic price pressures and strong labour cost growth.
The bank also said it would continue to follow a data-dependent approach, meaning it was not committing to any particular policy path and reserved the right to adjust interest rates as needed.
ECB chief Christine Lagarde said today that governors of the European Central Bank were all in agreement that it was too early to discuss bringing down interest rates.
Speaking at today's ECB press conference, she said there was "consensus" at today's meeting that it was "premature to discuss rate cuts".
Christine Lagarde also warned today that tensions in the Middle East and shipping disruptions in the Red Sea could push euro zone inflation higher again.
"Upside risks to inflation include the heightened geopolitical tensions especially in the Middle East which could push energy prices and freight costs higher in the near term and hamper global trade," she said.
Lagarde and chief economist Philip Lane recently pointed to first-quarter wage settlements, for which figures become available in May, as a relevant gauge. Some see that as a clue that a first rate cut could come at the ECB's June meeting.
"The Governing Council’s interest rate decisions will be based on its assessment of the inflation outlook in light of the incoming economic and financial data, the dynamics of underlying inflation and the strength of monetary policy transmission," the ECB added.
The ECB's pushback has had some impact on financial markets but investors still see 125 basis points of rate cuts this year, or five moves, with the first in April or June.
The big discrepancy in expectations largely stems from a different outlook on growth and just how much past rate hikes are slowing activity across the 20 economies that use the euro currency.
The ECB expects household and government spending to drive a recovery but data appear to be painting a bleaker picture, with manufacturing remaining in recession and services cooling.
The euro zone was probably in recession last quarter and got off to a slow start in January, making the current quarter the sixth in a row with broadly flat or negative growth. A long-predicted recovery meanwhile keeps getting pushed further out.
A weak economy, along with muted commodity prices and high interest rates, will keep stifling inflation, which stood at 2.9% in December and is not currently expected by the ECB to fall back to its 2% target until 2025.
Many disagree with that projection.
"We continue to expect headline and core HICP inflation rates to fall to 2% already before the middle of this year, a year or more earlier than the ECB forecasts," Deutsche Bank economists said.
Lower inflation would mean rising real interest rates, effectively policy-tightening in a recessionary environment.
"This would raise the risk of an outright recession and a genuine shock to the labour market," Deutsche Bank added.
Some think that the ECB's insistence that even more evidence of disinflation is needed for it to act raises the chance of a policy error.
"Having overlooked the negative impact of monetary tightening on growth until now, the ECB remains biased towards cutting too little, too late," TS Lombard's Davide Oneglia said.
"The ECB has less to worry about inflation and fewer excuses to keep monetary policy tight than officials think, but over-tightening habits die hard."
'Mortgage holders still vulnerable to increases'
Commenting on today's ECB decision to keep interest rates unchanged, Brokers Ireland said it underpins the belief that rates have peaked and will come as a relief to worried mortgage holders.
But it added that some are still vulnerable to increases where lenders haven’t applied the full ECB rate rises.
Rachel McGovern, Director of Financial Services at Brokers Ireland said speculation will continue as to when rates are likely to fall.
"When that happens it’s unlikely to be anything more than minimal, at least to begin with, and are almost certainly not going to go as low as we experienced in the years prior to July 2022," she said.
Ms McGovern said it could be some time before we know the full impact of the ten increases that have already taken place.
"Those most impacted are those on variable and tracker rates, but also those on short-term fixed rates who will be coming off those rates into a higher interest rate environment.
"While tracker mortgage holders are at minimum 15 years into their mortgages, since tracker mortgages stopped being offered then, they will have benefitted from years of very low rates," she added.
