30% of jobs in Ukraine - 4.8 million in total - have been lost since the Russian invasion, the United Nations has said, with the outlook even worse if the war drags on.
"Economic disruptions, combined with heavy internal displacement and flows of refugees, are causing large-scale losses in terms of employment and incomes," the UN's International Labour Organization said.
In its first report on the consequences of Russia's war in Ukraine, not only for those countries but for central Asia and the rest of the world, the ILO laid out several scenarios, depending on how the conflict develops.
"If hostilities ceased immediately, a rapid recovery could ensue, with the return of 3.4 million jobs, thus reducing employment losses to 8.9 percent," the agency said.
"In a scenario of further military escalation, employment losses would increase further to reach seven million, or 43.5 percent."
The ILO praised Kyiv's efforts to keep Ukraine's social protection system running.
"The Ukrainian government is fully operational as well as the employers and the workers' organisations," Heinz Koller, the ILO's Europe and Central Asia regional director, told a press conference.
"We continue to support them in order to be ready to assist them in the current situation, but hopefully also in the reconstruction phase after this conflict is over."
In March, the UN labour agency said it was halting all technical cooperation with Russia until it stops its war in Ukraine, calling the invasion "grossly incompatible" with the principles of ILO membership.
The February invasion triggered Europe's biggest refugee crisis since World War II.
More than 5.9 million Ukrainian refugees have fled the country, according to the UN refugee agency, mostly women, children and the elderly.
The ILO estimates that approximately 2.75 million refugees are of working age and may seek employment in their host countries if the war drags on and they are set to stay outside Ukraine for a long time.
Two thirds of them have a high level of education and almost half held a highly qualified job before the conflict. Only 15 percent had a low-skilled job, according to the ILO data.
Poland, which has seen more than 3.2 million Ukrainians flee across its borders, is facing the largest labour market integration challenge, said the ILO.
An estimated 410,000 previously employed refugees are currently living in the country, including 200,000 high-skilled, 146,000 medium-skilled and 64,000 low-skilled workers, the ILO said.
