The Bank of Japan cut its inflation forecasts again today but maintained its massive stimulus programme.

Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda warned of growing risks to the economy from trade protectionism and faltering global demand. 

Rising pressure from the trade war between China and the US - Japan's biggest trading partners - is adding to strains on the world's third-largest economy and undermining years of efforts by policymakers to foster durable growth. 

Data earlier in the day showed Japan's exports in December fell the most in two years. 

"To be honest, if US-China trade tensions are drawn out, there will be a serious risk to the global economy - first to the two countries’ own economies," Governor Haruhiko Kuroda told a news conference after the end of the two-day policy review. 

"For now, that possibility is slim, and I hope they will resolve this soon," he added. 

As expected, the Bank of Japan trimmed its inflation forecasts, reinforcing views that it will have to stick with its unprecedented economic support for some time to come. 

But despite rising risks such as trade disputes and Brexit, the central bank also maintained its view that Japan's economy will continue to expand at a modest pace. 

Kuroda struck an optimistic tone, saying the economy would likely continue expanding through fiscal 2020. 

However, a recent Reuters poll of economists showed external factors have increased the chances of Japan sliding into a recession in the fiscal year starting in April, making it even harder for the Bank of Japan to reach its elusive 2% inflation target.

China this week reported its slowest growth in nearly three decades and it is expected to lose more steam in coming months. 

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) trimmed its global growth forecasts and a survey showed increasing pessimism among business chiefs amid the trade tensions. 

"Such downside risks concerning overseas economies are likely to be heightening recently, and it also is necessary to pay close attention to their impact on firms' and households' sentiment in Japan," the Bank of Japan said in a quarterly outlook report released along with the policy decision. 

The Bank of Japan reiterated a pledge to continue buying Japanese government bonds and left its short-term interest rate target unchanged at -0.1%. It also said it would keep guiding 10-year government bond yields around 0%. 

Concerns about a global slowdown and volatile financial markets have prompted the US Federal Reserve to take a more cautious stance on future interest rate increases after four hikes last year, weighing on the dollar.

In its outlook report, the Bank of Japan's nine-member board cut its economic growth projections for the current fiscal year to March.

But it raised its growth forecasts slightly for the fiscal years 2019 and 2020, with government spending expected to offset the pain of a planned sales tax hike this October. 

The Bank of Japan cut its forecast for core consumer inflation to 0.9% in the coming fiscal year from 1.4%, reflecting slumping oil prices. 

It was the fourth downward revision by the central bank to its inflation forecast for fiscal 2019 since it was first issued in April 2017, but was still above a 0.7% forecast by analysts polled by Reuters. 

The Bank of Japan also trimmed core consumer inflation view for fiscal 2020 to 1.4%, from 1.5% forecast in October. 

Many economists believe the Bank of Japan's next move will be to start normalising policy, with steps likely to include expanding its 10-year bond yield fluctuation from 0.2% and raising the 10-year yield target from around 0%. 

A majority expect that would happen in 2020 or later. 

As part of efforts to prevent financial institutions from sitting on a huge pile of cash, the central bank decided to extend the deadline by one year for lending schemes aimed at encouraging financial institutions to boost loans and support growth foundations . 

The Bank of Japan's radical stimulus programme has had some unintended consequences, as years of low rates hurt financial institutions' profits. 

The bank has also amassed a mountain of Japanese government bonds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in its marathon asset buying spree, risking distortions in financial markets. 

Many Bank of Japan policymakers are wary of ramping up stimulus, though external shocks or a sudden spike in the yen could force the central bank to do just that if the economy is at risk of sliding into recession.