Czech-born novelist Milan Kundera, who satirised totalitarian regimes and mixed dark irony with philosophical musings to explore the human condition, has died, a library he worked with has said. He was 94.
The author of "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" won accolades for his style in depicting themes and characters that floated between the mundane reality of everyday life and the lofty world of ideas.
He rarely gave interviews and believed writers should speak through their work.
His first novel "The Joke", published in 1967, offered a scathing portrayal of the Czechoslovak Communist regime.
Coming at a time when Czech reformers were seeking to establish "socialism with a human face", the novel was a first step in Kundera's path from party member to exiled dissident, a moniker he disdained.
He told French daily Le Monde in 1976 that to call his works political was to oversimplify, and therefore obscure their true significance.
A year earlier Mr Kundera was blacklisted after criticizing the Soviet invasion of 1968 and finally forced to emigrate with his wife Vera to France, where he eventually became a citizen.
His first novel as an emigre was "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting", published in 1979, a story written in seven parts that showed the power of totalitarian regimes to erase parts of history and create an alternate past.
While not as well known as "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", published five years later, the book cemented Mr Kundera's reputation as a leading novelist with critics who called it awork of genius.
It also cost him his Czechoslovak citizenship. He regained a Czech passport in 2019.
"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting calls itself a novel, although it is part fairy tale, part literary criticism, part political tract, part musicology, and part autobiography," The New York Times wrote in a review.
"It can call itself whatever it wants to, because the whole is a genius."
Born in the Moravian capital of Brno on 1 April 1929 to a musicologist who studied under the composer Leos Janacek, Mr Kundera began writing poems in high school and studied at Charles University in Prague after World War II.
Like many young men of his age he joined the Communist party but was later expelled.
During the 1960s he taught at a film academy where his students included Milos Forman, who was among the creators of the Czech New Wave films.
During his exile the author had an icy relationship with his former homeland, writing his new works in French and even preventing some of his novels from being translated into Czech.
He once told an interviewer he considered himself French rather than an emigre.
But Mr Kundera never lost a connection with his homeland and many of his books took place in the nation of his birth.
He rarely made public visits home after the Velvet Revolution of1989 toppled the Communist regime, preferring instead to quietly slip into the country to visit friends and family.
Mr Kundera lived mostly out of the public eye but made a public statement in 2008 to deny a report that he had turned in a young pilot as a spy in 1950, who landed in uranium mines and prisons for 14 years.
"It is not true, the only mystery that I cannot explain is how my name got there," he said.
Translated into more than 20 languages, Mr Kundera won several literary prizes, including the Prix Europa-Litterature for the ensemble of his work.
In 1973, his "Life Is Elsewhere" won France's coveted Prix Medicis for best foreign novel, and "The Farewell Party", a modern-day sexual farce set in an east European spa, won Italy's Premio Mondello in 1978.
He was nominated several times for the Nobel prize in literature but never won.
Accepting the Jerusalem Prize in 1985, Mr Kundera said: "It pleases me to think that the art of the novel came into the world as the echo of God's laughter."
Mr Kundera explained what drove him as a writer and his disdain for self-reflection in an interview with the New York Times the same year.
"Only a literary work that reveals an unknown fragment of human existence has a reason for being," he said in the interview. "To be a writer does not mean to preach a truth, it means to discover a truth."
Key dates in the life of Milan Kundera:
April 1, 1929: Born in the town of Brno in Soviet-era Czechoslovakia, today the Czech Republic. His parents are musicians.
1948: Joins the Communist Party which seizes power the same year. He will be expelled two years later but readmitted in 1956.
1953: Release of his first collection of poems, "Man: A Wide Garden".
1967: Publication of his first novel, "The Joke", a satirical look at totalitarianism. The following year he plays a role in the short-lived Prague Spring reform movement.
1970: Removed from his job as a teacher at the Prague Film Academy and his books are banned and withdrawn from bookshops and libraries. He is also banned from publication and expelled from the Communist Party.
1975: Goes into exile in France, becoming a French citizen in 1981.
1979: "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting", which portrays life under the communist Czech regime, is published. Mr Kundera is stripped of his Czech nationality.
1984: Release of "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" set against the Prague Spring. His biggest success, it is made into a film in 1987, starring Daniel Day-Lewis.
1990: Release of his last novel written in Czech, "Nesmrtelnost" (Immortality), afterwards switching to French.
2008: Accused of being an informer for the communist police in 1950, which he denies as "pure lies".
2019: Regains Czech citizenship.
