Republicans in control of the Tennessee House of Representatives voted to expel two Democratic representatives for breaking decorum during a gun control demonstration at the statehouse last week in the wake of the latest school shooting.
Representatives Justin Jones and Justin Pearson, two young black legislators, were removed by the Republican supermajority.
But the resolution to remove a third Democratic member who stood with them during the protest on the house floor, Gloria Johnson, a white woman, came up one vote short.
Republican Representatives Andrew Farmer, Gino Bulso, and Bud Hulsey had filed the three resolutions on Monday to expel their Democratic colleagues, saying they broke decorum by leading the demonstration in the well of the house floor.
The house voted 72-25 along party lines to remove Mr Jones and 69-26 to remove Mr Pearson. But Ms Johnson was spared when the vote to expel her came up 65-30.
Ms Johnson may have been spared because unlike Mr Jones and Mr Pearson she did not use a megaphone to lead chants during last Thursday's protest, when hundreds of demonstrators flooded into the statehouse.
That protest came four days after a Nashville school shooting killed three nine-year-old children and three school staff members.
Only two Tennessee state representatives have been expelled by their colleagues since the Civil War era: one in 1980 for soliciting a bribe in exchange for blocking legislation and another in 2016 after being accused of sexual misconduct by numerous women. Both expulsions were made with overwhelming, bipartisan votes.
The Democratic Party in Tennessee said it was raising funds to support special elections for any of those expelled.
The three Democratic politicians led protesters on the house floor to demand stricter gun laws. Republicans in the resolutions calling for their expulsion accused the three of engaging in "disorderly behaviour" and said they "did knowingly and intentionally bring disorder and dishonour to the house of Representatives through their individual and collective actions".
Hundreds of protesters gathered again outside the statehouse in the rain on Thursday and packed the gallery above the house floor, holding signs in favour of stricter gun control.
They broke out into cheers when Ms Johnson was spared expulsion, then chanted "shame on you" when Mr Pearson was kicked out.
Ms Johnson, Mr Jones and Mr Pearson have said that taking part in the protest was within their First Amendment rights - the constitutional right to freedom of speech.
They, along with other Democratic members, also said yesterday that Republican leaders have used their super majority to squelch speech in the chamber, and Ms Johnson said that was one of the reasons they acted as they did last week.
Before being ousted, Mr Jones had decried the proceedings.
"What we see here today is a lynch mob assembled not to lynch me but our democratic process," Mr Jones said.
"At no point was there violence," Mr Jones added, referring to the demonstration he and his colleagues led on the chamber floor last week. "At no point did we encourage violence. In fact what we were doing was calling for the end of gun violence that is terrorising our children day after day after day."
But Mr Bulso, a Republican who authoured one of the expulsion resolutions, said it was clear to him that Mr Jones "wants to be expelled".
"He and two other representatives effectively conducted a mutiny," Mr Bulso said. "Not to expel him would simply invite him and his colleagues to continue to engage in mutiny on the house floor."
Race came up several times during the often-tense debate.
Mr Jones said Mr Bulso portrayed him negatively due to his race. Another Republican in the chamber, Sarbjeet Kumar, said Mr Jones saw everything through the lens of race. As the vote was held, black members and other Democrats joined Mr Jones at the podium.
Most Republican members are white.
Mr Pearson, speaking to reporters outside the house chambers, said the expulsion efforts were examples of white supremacy extinguishing democracy.
"It's not a coincidence that the two youngest black representatives and one of the few women have been targeted for expulsion," he said.
