Ratings firm Standard & Poor's has declared Greece in "selective default" after banks agreed to write off more than half of their Greek debt holdings in a second EU bailout of the country.
The rating was lowered from S&P's already junk-level CC grade for Greece, which has been seeking to avoid an outright default on its massive debt by negotiating a "voluntary" debt exchange with creditors.
But S&P said the terms Greece put in the tentative deal agreed last Tuesday, which amounts to a 53.5% writedown, forced the downgrade.
It cited Greece's move following the 21 February debt deal to amend its sovereign bond documentation with collective action clauses (CACs).
A CAC binds all bondholders of a certain series to amended payment terms in the event that a certain quorum of creditors has agreed to the terms, S&P explained.
"In our opinion, Greece's retroactive insertion of CACs materially changes the original terms of the affected debt and constitutes the launch of what we consider to be a distressed debt restructuring.
"We believe that the retroactive insertion of CACs will diminish bondholders' bargaining power in an upcoming debt exchange," S&P said.
The European Union agreed last Tuesday to provide Greece with €130bn in new financing while representatives of private investors, mostly banks, agreed to write off €107bn worth of Greek debt via a bond swap.
The Greek government hopes that nearly all of its private creditors will sign up to the bond swap deal, allowing Athens to impose the collective action clause to force hold-outs to accept the swap and losses as well.
The bond swap was launched on Friday, and is scheduled to be completed about 12 March.
S&P said that if the exchange is consummated they will "likely consider the selective default to be cured and raise the sovereign credit rating on Greece to the 'CCC' category, reflecting our forward-looking assessment of Greece's creditworthiness."
