The US is urging China to fully implement the United Nations sanctions imposed on North Korea.
The sanctions include a raft of measures targeting North Korea's weapons and missile programmes.
It also calls for the inspection of cargo vessels going in and out of North Korea for banned materials.
Both China and Russia are concerned that inspections could spark naval confrontations with North Korean ships.
Beijing's UN envoy, Wang Guangya, said immediately after the vote on Saturday that China wanted to avoid any provocative steps that could add to an already tense situation.
But his US counterpart, John Bolton, said negotiations were over and China now had a responsibility to comply fully with UN Resolution 1781.
